1. Genes & DNA
Mukesh Patel

2. Polynucleotide NUCLEOTIDE Pentose Nitrogen Base Phosphate
AS Level Biology

3. DNA Helix
AS Level Biology

4. Pentoses
Deoxyribose
Ribose
5-Carbon sugars
AS Level Biology

5. Nitogen Bases Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine
Uracil
AS Level Biology

6. How bases join
AS Level Biology

7. Chemical units
AS Level Biology

8. DNA/RNA DNA Has thymine Has deoxyribose Double helix RNA Has uracil
Has ribose
Single strand
AS Level Biology

9. Protein synthesis (DNA replication) Transcription Translation
AS Level Biology

10. DNA Replication (Semi-conservative)
Unfolding of Chains
Split H-bonds
Joining of new bases
Old:New = 50:50
DNA polymerase
AS Level Biology

11. Transcription In nucleolus Unfolding of DNA Formation of mRNA
Extrusion out of nucleus
Ribosome
AS Level Biology

12. Transcription
AS Level Biology

13. Ribosome
RER
50S + 30S
Proteins
rRNA
AS Level Biology

14. tRNA Anticodon Complementary Specific for each amino acid
80 nucleotides
10-15% of total RNA
AS Level Biology

15. Translation mRNA Codon Anticodon Aminoacyl site Peptidyl site
Condensation
Peptide bond
AS Level Biology

16. Translation Sequence in DNA Triplet code Why 3? 21 amino acids
mRNA easily broken down after specific protein ready
AS Level Biology

17. Why 3?
AS Level Biology

18. Site Ribosomes 30S subunit On RER Aminoacyl site Peptidyl site
AS Level Biology

19. Bases codes Initiation sequence Coding for actual a.a. Sequence
Termination codon
AS Level Biology

20. mRNA/tRNA
Codon on mRNA
Anticodon on tRNA
AS Level Biology

21. Protein Synthesis
AS Level Biology

22. What happens next? Enters cisternae of RER Travels to Golgi
Packaged for extrusion out of cell e.g. Enzyme, insulin (as pro-insulin)
Can be attached to CHO to make glycoprotein
AS Level Biology