1. Chapter 20
Seizing an Empire

2. IS THE CHAPTER TITLE NEUTRAL?

3. LAST YEAR’S TEXTBOOK “POLITICS AND FOREIGN RELATIONS IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING NATION”

4. Shift in U.S. Foreign Policy
19th century: noninvolvement in foreign wars; nonintervention in internal affairs of others (isolationism)
- George Washington’s Farewell Address
- geographic isolation with oceans and
weak neighbors

5. 1890s: expanding commercial interests, support for democratic ideals, and Christian missionary movement led to foreign involvement

6. 1890 – U.S. Census Bureau declared end of the frontier
Manifest Destiny
Evangelical Protestants duty to Christianize

7. Social Darwinism: Roosevelt – U. S
Social Darwinism: Roosevelt – U.S. needed to expand “on behalf of the destiny” of the Anglo-Saxon race
Needed foreign territories for raw materials
Navy to protect merchant vessels
Navy needs bases for coal and water

8. United States was a Latecomer
Europeans already divided up most of Africa and Asia

9. Asia attractive because of its huge market for U.S. products
1867 – purchased Alaska to remove threat of Russian imperialism in North America
Islands of Samoa and Hawaii (Pearl Harbor)

11. Our New Alaska Senators
“Our New Senators” Mocking the Alaska Purchase, this political cartoon shows President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State Seward welcoming two new senators from Alaska: an Eskimo and a Penguin.

12. Spanish-American War
Motive was U.S. outrage with Spain’s brutal imperialism
Cuban War of Independence ( )
“yellow journalism” in New York: New York Journal & New York World with sensational accounts of real or imagined Spanish atrocities

13. Yellow Journalism?

15. The World and Hearst’s Journal America newspapers ran comic strip; known as “the Yellow Kid papers” or “yellow papers”
yellow journalism – both papers’ editorial practice of making sensationalism, sometimes even fictional events, and profits as priorities in journalism

16. Congress recognized Cuban rebels, but President McKinley maintained neutrality”
“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain”
260 died in mysterious explosion (later determined was a coal explosion)

21. On February 15, 1898, an explosion destroyed the USS Maine at Havana, Cuba. Many Americans blamed the Spanish government, although there was no evidence to suggest who was responsible.
p. 514

22. Congress declared war
Teller Amendment – no U.S. intention to annex Cuba
TR resigned as Assistant Secretary of Navy & volunteered
“War of 1898” involved Cubans, Filipinos and Puerto Ricans

23. “A Splendid Little War”
U.S. Navy quickly defeated Spanish in Philippines & recognized independence under it rebels
One million volunteers to fight in Cuba
10,000 African American soldiers (“buffalo soldiers”)

24. Theodore Roosevelt.
p. 525

25. The Charge of the Rough Riders of San Juan Hill (1898) Before Frederic Remington pursued art professionally, he had unsuccessful forays into hunting, ranching, and even the saloon business in the West. His intimacy with the Western way of life, along with his technical skill and keen sense of observation, were not lost on Theodore Roosevelt, who invited Remington to travel with the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War.

27. Colonel Roosevelt With one hand on his hip, Roosevelt rides with the Rough Riders in Cuba. Most of his regiment was culled from Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas because the Southwestern climate resembled that of Cuba.

29. Theodore Roosevelt (TR) – Rough Riders
TR became a home-front legend that he generated
Treaty of Paris (1898) – Cuba independent, US annexed Puerto Rico & continued occupation of Philippines, pending transfer to Filipinos.

30. 5,462 Americans died, but only 379 in battle (rest from disease)
Quick four month victory boosted American self-confidence & reinforced belief in Manifest Destiny

31. Philippines Treaty of Paris left status unresolved
Business wanted as springboard into large China market
Missionaries wanted to Christianize “the little brown brother”

32. .
U.S. ended Catholicism as official religion & made English official language, opening door to Protestant missionaries
U.S. paid Spain $20 million for Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam (coaling station)

33. Tried to block treaty in Senate
U.S. Anti-imperialists
Tried to block treaty in Senate
Taking control of former Spanish colonies would violate longstanding US principle, embodied in Constitution, that people should be self-governing
American Anti-Imperialist League formed

34. Philippine-American War (1898 – 1902)
Many Filipino nationalists resisted (Emilio Aguinaldo)
Three year war with torture on both sides
“water cure” (waterboarding)
US troops won; destroying a revolutionary movement modeled on America’s own struggle for independence

37. China Japan defeated China in First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
Russia, Germany, France and Britain set up “spheres of influence”
1899 – Secretary of State John Jay Open Door Policy

38. In this 1899 cartoon celebrating the Open Door policy, Uncle Sam insists that other nations must compete fairly for China’s commerce and not seize Chinese territory. In the background, John Bull (Britain) lifts his hat in approval.

39. Rooted in desire to exploit huge China market
Open Door Policy appealed to Americans who opposed imperialism

40. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
TR became president after McKinley assassinated by anarchist
TR transformed U.S. role in world affairs
Championed the “strenuous life”
Motto old African proverb: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

43. Teddy?

48. First truly activist president (“bully pulpit”)
Supported Panama’s rebels with navy
Panama Canal - French tried but 20,000 deaths from disease (yellow fever); another 20,000 workers died in US effort; opened in 1914

49. Panama Canal

52. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (1904)
In certain circumstances, United States justified in intervening in Latin American nations to prevent Europeans from doing so
Took over some customs houses to ensure payment of debts to U.S. banks

55. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt in 1909
“dollar diplomacy” to promote U.S. economic interests abroad
Intervened in countries with political & economic turmoil (Nicaragua)

56. Wilson’s Interventionism
Democrat Woodrow Wilson president in 1913
Intervened in Latin American more than Taft & Roosevelt
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico

57. Map 19.1: The United States and the Caribbean, 1898–1917.
Between 1898 and 1917, the United States expanded into the Caribbean by acquiring possessions and establishing protectorates. As a result, the United States became the dominant power in the region.
Map 19-1, p. 542