1. Human security and human rights
Margon
Diego
Shan shubin

3. Table of Contents 1. What is Human Security
2. Debates about Human Security
3. Common Ground
4. Dimensions & Trends of Human Security
5. How to Make Places Safer
6. Questions

4. What is Human Security? Human Security vs Safety i. Economic ii. Food
iii. Health
iv. Environmental
v. Personal
vi. Community
vii.Political

5. Debates about Human Security
a. To broad a scope
b. Unattainable and moralistic
What about the role of the state?

6. Common Ground a. Individual as 'referent' or individual experience
b. Globalization
c. Changing nature of armed conflict
d. Key objective: safety from violence
Rethinking state-sovereignty, not the only source of protection

7. Dimensions of Human Security
Trends:
i. Child soldiers
ii. Land mines
iii. Civilian victims
iv. Environmental degradation as a cause
v. Disease

8. How do you make places safer?
Increased involvement in preventative diplomacy/peacemaking
Increased involvement in preventative diplomacy/peacemaking
i. 10 Stage of Genocide:
1) Classification
2) Symbolization
3) Discrimination
4) Dehumanization
5) Organization
6) Polarization
7) Preparation
8) Persecution
9) Extermination
10) Denial
b. Rethinking regions and states:

11. Questions a. What makes you feel safe?
b. Do you feel more or less safe both day-to-day and globally?
c. What do you think is the biggest threat to human security for yourself and your country?
i. What is the origin?
d. If you could whisper in the Presidents ear, what would be the one thing to increase human security? Either broadest scope or greatest impact.

13. introduction The evolution of human rights.
International human rights norms
Multilateral implementation mechanisms
Bilateral foreign policy
NGOs and HRs
HRs and IR theory
Questions

14. The evolution of human rights
No human rights
Cyrus the great declared that all slaves have freedom and people have the power to choose religion.
Nature law
Nature rights and The Declaration of Independence
The universal declaration of human rights

15. International human rights
First dimension: civil and political rights
Provide legal protections against abuse by the state and seek to ensure political participation for all citizens.
Second dimension: economic, social, and culture rights
Guarantee individuals access to essential goods and services, and seek to ensure equal social and cultural participation.
Third dimension:collective rights
Racial equality rights, national self-determination right, right to development, peaceful rights, etc

16. Rights recognized in the International Bill of Human Rights

17. Multilateral implementation mechanisms
The basic system of multilateral mechanisms:
After the entry into force of international human rights treaties, the contracting parties shall submit their reports to the treaty bodies regularly to indicate their compliance with the treaty.
The reports will be publicly reviewed in a session, and the treaty bodies will make some comments and advices to the contracting states.

18. Multilateral implementation mechanisms
International human rights institution: human rights council
Regional human rights institution :
i. European commission on human rights and Court of Human Rights
ii. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and court of human rights
iii. African Commission on Human and People Rights
iv. Arab Commission on Human Rights

19. Evaluating multilateral mechanisms
Multilateral implementation mechanisms facilitate national compliance, mainly through mobilizing public scrutiny that reminds states of their obligations.
Argument of legality often increase the chances of pushing reluctant states back into the confines of rights-protective practices.
The international human rights treaties do not have the force of law

20. Bilateral foreign policy: other mechanism of HRs
Powerfull states possess more material resources than multilateral Hrs organizations: they can effect significant changes
During Cold war: HRs sidelined or instrumentalized by Blocks
Détente: prompted the emergence of Hrs in US foreign policy
1977: Hrs Commity (supervising ICCPR) began operations
Amnesty international won Novel price
Collapse of the URSS: “golden age” of Hrs diplomacy: international response to Tiananmen; international actiona against genocide
2001 9/11: most progress has been sustained (In spite of “war on terror” Hrs still remain an important feature of foreign policy )

21. NGOs and HRs Transnational and national actions of civil society
3º major type of actor in international HRs
Important role in getting the HR into UN Charter
Spreading awareness about HR Norms and publicizing violations
Amnesty International (2 millon members), HR Watch, Federacion de los Derechos del Hombre (155 HR NGOs), and Oxfam, Médicos sin frontereas, etc.
Principal resources: info and mobilizing civil society (strategies of “name and shame”)
Embarrass offending governments and TNCs, mobilize citizens of different countries
Lobbing: based on production of information and amounts of membership

22. NGOs and HRs
If state has good HR records and democratic accountability: national and international action can have significant impact
Some are not very effective (because they lack the power of states and IGOs), but have no other interest than HR advocacy so they can try to control state tendency towards defending national interest more than HR

23. HRs and IR theory
Liberalism and HR: as rooted in individual rights, democracy, property and market economy, liberal were central to introduce economic and social rights that later conformed the Universal Declaration
However international HR represent a critique to liberal enfasis on market and property, in favor of a combination of market and state mechanisms to provide economic and social rights (liberal democratic welfare state)
Liberals alongside with socialists have been major HR advocates

24. HRs and IR theory
Realism and HR: stress that states foreign policy is principally concerned with national interests (specifically survival and power), and for that end advise against any moral and legal principles, so HR can never be something subordinated to national interest
However for many countries, HR has become a real interest, devoting resources to HR of foreigners in other countries, so can be compared with economic and militar interest in equal terms, the debate then it is about the ways in which a country balance its diverse interests

25. HRs and IR theory
Constructionism and HR: the idea that states identity and interests are constructed (socially, historically and arbitrarily) goes perfectly with the introduction of HR as a national interest
It make possible to question in which other ways contemporary international HR could be configurated (for example in different relations with sovereignty, and other categories such as genocide, war crimes and) and to focus on the constructive rol that particular institutions, like the Univ. Declaration, have of the relation between states, and between citizens and governments.

26. HRs and IR theory
Critical perspectives on HR: by who and for whom HR have been constructed? HR are a product of Western culture, so claiming its universality can be equated as a form of pos-colonial imposition (from Western-above and not a voluntary demand from Africans, Asians and Latin Americans). A form of Western Hegemony (domination based on ideas but also in force), that can convey market ideology.
However, grassroot people when they have the choise, they have choosen HR and have stand for them.
HR can be used very differently: the content of the social practices related to HR are different when HR are the discourse of grass root movements or discourse of governments

27. Question
Comparing multilateral mechanisms, bilateral politics and non-governmental politics of human rights, which one do you think is more effective for human rights?