1. Instructional Frameworks

2. Table of Contents Frameworks Scaffolding Protection Direct Instruction
Inquiry
Scaffolding
Protection

3. Learning: The Old Construction Analogy
A “complicated” problem (Gawande, 2009)—challenging, but replicable

4. Learning: A New Organic Analogy
A complex problem—not easy to repeat in a way that gets the same results.

5. Instructional Methods: The Water

6. Direct Instruction: Water
Rooted in behaviorism
Teacher centered
Structured
Traditional
Focused on basic facts and information
Less higher-order thinking opportunities provided
Product vs. Process of learning emphasized

7. Inquiry Learning: Water
Rooted in constructivism
Student centered
Active engagement
Personalized
Potentially challenging social demands (management)
Time consuming
Process vs. Product of learning emphasized

8. Scaffolding: Sunshine

9. Gradual Release of Responsibility: Sunshine
Fisher & Frey, 2008, p. 4

10. Protection: Nurturing Growth
Physiologic
Hunger, clothing, and shelter
Safety
Security
Belongingness
Part of the group
Esteem
Respect
Competence

11. Summary Learning is personal.
Students’ learning, not a teacher’s teaching, is the measure of success.
Teachers are responsible for facilitating learning.
Both teacher- and student-centered approaches have a place in instruction, although a blend of both is usually most effective.
Classrooms must feel “safe” for learning to take place.

12. References
Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2008). Better learning through structured teaching: A framework for the gradual release of responsibility. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Gawande, A. (2009). The checklist manifesto: how to get things right. New York: Metropolitan Books