1. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
Fall 2015

2. Section 1: Meiosis Meiosis: __________________________________
production/formation of sex cells
(eggs and sperm)
Meiosis: __________________________________
Characteristics similar to __________
Includes the following structures:
___________________
________________
____________________
__________________
_________________
______________________
Mitosis
Spindle Fibers
Centrioles
Sister Chromatids
Chromosomes
Centromere
Kinetochore
8 Steps or phases

3. Storm Tracker (6.1) Chromatid Centriole Centromere Chromosome
Instructions: Label the following structures below by using the word bank provided.
Word Bank: Centromere, Spindle Fibers, Kinetochore, Chromosomes, Chromatid, Centrioles
Chromatid
Centriole
Centromere
Chromosome
Kinetochore
Spindle Fibers

4. Section 1: Meiosis Prophase 1 nucleus disappears
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Genetic Information:
Prophase 1
nucleus disappears
spindle fibers form connecting to centromeres
chromatin changes to chromosomes
***crossing over occurs

5. Section 1: Meiosis
Crossing Over: _____________________________ _________________________________________
allows for_________ __________ !
_________- two homologous chromosomes (one chromatid from each parent) coming together
______________ chromatids
_______________________________________
chromosomal segments exchanging genetic material
Genetic diversity
Synapse
Non-sister
Exchanging genetic material

6. Crossing Over
Synapse

7. Section 1: Meiosis Metaphase 1
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Metaphase 1
2 full chromosomes (homologous pair) line up along metaphase plate
Lining equator is random—allows for Independent assortment

8. Section 1: Meiosis chromosome pair splits Anaphase 1
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Anaphase 1
chromosome pair splits
- 1 chromosome (2 chromatids) goes to each pole

9. Section 1: Meiosis Telophase 1 nucleus reappears
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Genetic Material:
Telophase 1
nucleus reappears
spindle fibers disappear
chromosomes turn into chromatin
- each cell = 46 chromesomes
- each cell = NON-identical

10. Section 1: Meiosis Interkinesis: ______________________________
___________________________________
similar to interphase… a SHORT resting phase
NO REPLICATION OF DNA!!!!

11. Section 1: Meiosis Prophase 2
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Genetic Material:
Prophase 2
spindle fibers form reattach to centromere
nucleus breaks up
Chromatin change into chromatids into chromosomes
-no replication

12. Section 1: Meiosis Metaphase 2 chromosome lines up on equator Drawing
Description
What’s Happening:
Metaphase 2
chromosome lines up on equator

13. Section 1: Meiosis Anaphase 2
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Anaphase 2
chromosome (and centromere) split and one chromatid goes to each pole

14. Section 1: Meiosis Telophase 2 nucleus reappears
Drawing
Phase
Description
What’s Happening:
Genetic Material:
In the end:
Telophase 2
nucleus reappears
spindle fibers disappear
chromosomes change into chromatin
-each cell = 23 chromesomes
= sex cells (male–sperm; female–eggs)
- haploid cells
- non-identical to parent/each other

15. Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Description
Diagram
Normal form of Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double Helix
Untwisted form of DNA
DNA Ladder

16. Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Description
Diagram
Nucleotide
D= Dexyribo sugar
P= Phosphate
B= Nitrogen Base
Base
Sugar P
Nitrogenous Base
A= Adenine
T= Thymine
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine

17. Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Description
Diagram
DNA Ladder
Keeps bases together, before replication, during replication must break
Color Code=
Red= Dexyribo sugar
Yellow/ orange= phosphate
Green= Base

18. Section 2: DNA Replication
Name
Description
Diagram
Nitrogenous Bases
A→T A T
T→A G C
G→C
C→G

19. Section 2:DNA Replication
What is DNA Replication?
When does it happen?
Where does it happen?
Making second identical copy
Interphase
Nucleus

20. Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
Untwisting

21. Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
Unzipping, breaking hydrogen bonds

22. Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
Bases match to find complementary base

23. Section 2: DNA Replication
Step 4.
Diagram
Description
Rezip/ Retwist to form two identical copies

24. Storm Tracker (6.2) Base Base Deoxyribo sugar (DS) DS P P G C A T G G

25. 4 3 2 1

26. G A A G C T G A T G C C

27. DNA Replication
unzipping
Pairing
B, A, D, C
Interphase

28. Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

29. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Description
Diagram
Single Helix
½ of Double
½ of DNA Ladder

30. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Description
Diagram
Nucleotide
R= Ribo Sugar
Ribo sugar
Base
P= Phosphate
B= Base P

31. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Description
Diagram
Nitrogenous Bases
A= Adenine A U
U= Uracil
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine G C
A→U
U→A
G→C
C→G

32. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Name
Description
Diagram
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
Single helix
Types of RNA:
Carries, messages from nucleus to ribosome to make protein
mRNA
(messenger)

33. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA:
Description
Diagram
rRNA
(ribosomyl)
Chemical make up of a ribosome
tRNA
(transfer)
Transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome

34. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA:
Description
Diagram
Codon
Set of 3 bases, located on mRNA, codes for protein G
Anticodon
Located on tRNA
Cysteine

35. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Large complex molecules made of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
Protein:
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription:
What:
Where:
When:
Making of proteins
Changing DNA to RNA
Nucleus
All the time

36. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
DNA untwists and unravels

37. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
RNA strand is started, complementary bases find their match

38. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
RNA is complete, breaks away from DNA

39. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Translation
What:
Where:
When:
RNA to protein
Ribosome
As needed

40. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 1.
Diagram
Description
RNA moves to ribosome (mRNA)
Anticodon finds amino acid

41. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 2.
Diagram
Description
Anticodon matches up with codon

42. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Step 3.
Diagram
Description
RNA is translated to protein

43. Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Mutations:
Segments of DNA that have not been copied or are miscopied

44. Start Codon= AUG
Stop Codon= UGA, UAA, UAG

45. The code of life Turn each code of DNA into RNA
START= UAC STOP= AUC
Turn each code of DNA into RNA
DNA Sequence
Code #1
A T G C C C C C G A G A T C C T C G T T T T A G
Code #2
A T G A T T C A A C A C A T C C A G C C A C A T T A G
Code #3
A T G G C T C C G A G A G G A G G C A G A G G G T A G
Code #4
A T G C C C C C G G A A T G A T G C T A G
Code #5
A T G T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T T A G
U A C G G G G G C U C U A G G A G C A A A A U C
UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC
UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC
UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC
UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC

46. The Code of life 1st- Find your codons within sets of 3
UACGGGGGCUCUAGGAGCAAAAUC
Start
Stop
biology is
the
study of
life

47. The Code of life 1st- Find your codons within sets of 3
UACUAAGUUGUGUAGGUCGGUGUAAUC
Start
Stop An
old
rubber
band
breaks
when
pulled

48. The code of life UACCGAGGCUCUCCUCCGUCUCCCAUC
Education is the door to the future
UACGGGGGCCUUACUACGAUC
Biology is all around you
UACAAUGGCUCUAAGAACAAAAUC
DNA is the code for life

49. Transcribe: TACCGTATT
AUGGCAUAA
AUGCACUGA
Transcribe: TACGTGACT
Start
Histidine
Stop
Start
Alanine
Stop

50. Study for DNA replication Quiz!
How is a DNA Ladder formed?

51. Study for DNA Replication Quiz!
What is the normal form of DNA?
What is the untwisted form of DNA?
What is a nucleotide made up of?
What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?
Double Helix
DNA Ladder
Base
Sugar P
A= Adenine
T= Thymine
G= Guanine
C= Cytosine

52. Study for DNA replication Quiz!
Where does DNA replication occur?
What is the order of DNA Replication?
Nucleus
Untwisting
Unzips
Finds matching bases
Rezips/ retwist

53. Double Helix- In textbook page 294 top of first paragraph
Deoxyribose sugar: monosaccharide which contains five carbon atoms, helps construct a nucleotide
Adenine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with thymine, in DNA and RNA
Guanine: purine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with cytosine, in DNA and RNA
Thymine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with Adenine, is only in DNA
Cytosine: pyrimidine base that codes hereditary information in the genetic code, always pairs with Guanine, in DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous Base: a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base, building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil
Phosphate group: structural component of nucleotide, which is the basic structural unit of DNA and RNA