1. Imperial Wars & Colonial Protest
Chapter 6/7
Imperial Wars & Colonial Protest

2. Think About It
To what extent did the French and Indian War maintain continuity and foster change in the relationship between Great Britain and the 13 Colonies?
To what extent did colonial politics, economics, and culture from 1607 to 1754 influence the development of the American independence movement?

3. The First Three Wars Over a span of 74 years
Between Great Britain, France and Spain
High Stakes- whom ever won controlled the West Indies and lucrative trade
Fought in India, Europe and North America
First 3 wars named after the reigning King or Queen of England
King William’s War
Queen Anne’s War
King George’s War

4. King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War King George’s War
Locating a few points of interest
King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War King George’s War

5. The First Three Wars King William’s War Queen Anne’s War
1689 – 1697
British tried to gain Quebec but failed
Why is Quebec important???
Queen Anne’s War
British tried to gain Quebec, failed
BUT British gained Nova Scotia and trading rights in Spanish America
King George’s War
1744 – 1748
British fought off Spanish in Georgia
British took a French Fort Louisbourg- but later gave it back for political and economic rights in India

6. King William’s War

7. French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Europe calls it the Seven Years War
In the US we call it the French and Indian War –the 2 groups the British were fighting
Both France and Britain sent troops to North America
British felt that France started the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley
France did this to stop the British from expanding westward
The Virginia governor sent a young colonel named George Washington to stop the French from building Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh
Washington won an early victory but then quickly surrendered to a more superior French force

8. Ohio River Valley & Fort Duquesne
Map on page 2 of AMSCO packet

9. What do you see in this cartoon?
Albany Plan of Union 1754
Colonists realized their need for coordinating colonial defense
Met in Albany, New York
Benjamin Franklin’s idea
Decided to do 3 things:
1) Intercolonial government
2) Recruit troops
3) Collect taxes
Precedent: More revolutionary congresses later
What do you see in this cartoon?

10. French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Results/Consequences
British victory
Treaty of Paris of 1763
British gained more land
French Canada and lands east of the Mississippi River
Spanish Florida
France gave up huge westward territory to Spain
Louisiana Territory
Why??? Because France lost war and caused Spain to lose territory
British now had unchallenged authority in North America
Britain had the most powerful navy in the world
No more fear of attacks on American colonies from France, Spain or Native Americans

12. Results of French and Indian War
British View Colonial View
Had a low opinion of - Proud of their military
colonial militias performance in all 4 wars
Felt colonial militias - Developed confidence
were poorly trained - Felt they could defend
and disorganized themselves in the future
Colonies not united - Felt Britain’s military
Some didn’t provide tactics were outdated
troops or $ marching in a straight
line vs. guerrilla
warfare

13. Salutary Neglect/Benign Neglect
British absenteeism
Distance between England and America
Political turmoil and relative peace
English Civil War ( )
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Colonies virtually on their own
Developed unique economies based on region
Self-government
Proud British loyalists
High life expectancy and literacy rates

14. Proclamation of 1763 Purpose Colonial Reaction
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Led by Chief Pontiac the Native Americans attacked forts from NY to VA
Sick of westward expansion onto their lands
Purpose
No settlements WEST of the Appalachian Mnts
Avoid conflicts w/ Indians
Colonial Reaction
Anger & Defiance

15. British Prime Ministers
Believed colonies
should foot the
bill for wars and
defense
Encouraged unrestricted
development of colonies
Robert Walpole
George Grenville
Charles Townshend
Chancellor of Exchequer
Enforced Parliament’s
power but defended
colonies and desire
for representation
Supported taxation
of the colonies and
ran Parliament
during Revolution
William Pitt
Frederick North

16. Timeline of Parliamentary Acts
Sugar Act of 1764
Revenue tax
Quartering Act of 1765
Stamp Act of 1765
First direct tax
Declaratory Act of 1766
Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever
Townshend Acts of 1767
Pay royal colonial officials
Writs of assistance
Tea Act of 1773
Support British East India Company
“Intolerable Acts”
Coercive Acts of 1774
Massachusetts Government Act (royal appointments)
Port Act (Boston closed)
Administration of Justice Act (trial of royal officials moved)
No meetings – like in Harry Potter
Quebec Act of 1774
Appointed government; Catholicism recognized
Prohibitory Act of 1775
Colonies in open rebellion

17. Parliamentary Acts The Sugar Act (1764)
Purpose
Increased regulation of colonial trade
Raise revenue for war debt
Lowered tax rate
Sugar, spices, lumber
Vice-admiralty courts
Colonial Reaction
Paid by Colonial merchants and shippers
Boycotts & smuggling
Repealed in 1766

18. Parliamentary Acts The Quartering Act (1765)
Purpose
Feed and house British soldiers
No barracks
Feed and house the enemy
Colonial Reaction
Demised it
3rd Amendment TODAY

19. Quartering Act

20. Parliamentary Acts Stamp Act (1765)
Purpose
First direct tax – paid by colonists
Newspapers, pamphlets, ads, etc…
Long standing tax in England
Generate revenue for troops in America
Colonial Reaction
“No taxation without representation” – Patrick Henry
Stamp Act Congress (in NY) - James Otis
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Committees of Correspondence

21. Parliament is Abusing the Rights of Americans; Parliament is Not Abusing the Rights of Americans
Stephen Hopkins, The Rights of Colonists Examined (1764)
Martin Howard, A Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax, to His Friend in Rhode Island… (1765)
… it will appear beyond a doubt, that the British subjects in America, have equal rights with those in Britain; that they do not hold those rights as a privilege granted them, nor enjoy them as a grace and favor bestowed; but possess them as an inherent indefeasible right, as they, and their ancestors, were free-born subjects, justly and naturally entitled to all the rights and advantages of the British constitution… If the colonies are not taxed by parliament, are they therefore exempted from bearing their proper share in the necessary burdens of government? This by no means follows. Do they not support a regular internal government in each colony, as expensive to the people here, as the internal government of Britain is to the people there? Have not the colonies here, at all times when called upon by the crown, raised money for the public service…? What necessity to fall on an invidious and unconstitutional method, to compel them to do what they have ever done freely? Are not the people in the colonies as loyal and dutiful subjects as any age or nation ever produced? And are they not as useful to the kingdom, in this remote quarter of the world, as their fellow subjects are who dwell in Britain?
Our personal rights, comprehending those of life, liberty, and estate, are secured to us by the common law, which is every subject’s birthright, whether born in Great Britain, on the ocean, or in the colonies… The political rights of the colonies or the powers of government...are more limited, and their nature, quality, and extent depend altogether upon the patent or charter which first created and instituted them. As individuals, the colonists participate of every blessing the English constitution can give them: as corporations created by the crown, they are confined within the primitive views of their institution...for when they accepted of their charters they tacitly submitted to the terms and conditions of them. The colonies have no rights independent of their charters; they can claim no greater than those give them... It is the opinion of the House of Commons, and may be considered as law of Parliament, that they are the representatives of every British subject, wheresover he be... the freedom and happiness of every British subject depends not upon his share in elections but upon the sense and virtue of the British Parliament, and these reciprocally upon the snese and virtue of the whole nation. When virtue and honor are no more, the lovely frame of our constitution will be dissolved.

22. Parliamentary Acts Townshend Acts (1767)
Purpose
Raise revenue
Glass, tea, paper, lead, paint
Accepted at first b/c it was an indirect tax paid be merchants
Allowed the search of private homes for smuggled goods
Only needed a writ of assistance
General search warrant
Colonial Reaction
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania - John Dickinson
Argued that Parliament had the right to regulate commerce but could not levy taxes without the consent of the colonists
Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768
Eventually all taxes repealed by Parliament because trade decreased
Kept tax on TEA – WHY???

23. Boston Massacre (1770) March 4, 1770
A crowd of colonists harassed the British guards at the Customs House
The guards fired into the crowd killing 5 including a dock worker Crispus Attucks
On trial for murder, the soldiers were defended by Boston colonial lawyer John Adams
They were acquitted of the charges

24. Boston Massacre (1770)

25. Parliamentary Acts Tea Act (1773)
Purpose
Support British East India Company – financially struggling
Even with the tax – British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
Reaction
Colonists refused to buy British tea on principle that it would show the British could tax them
A shipment came in to Boston – but NO buyers
Sons of Liberty boarded the ship and dumped 342 chests of tea (Boston Tea Party)
Reactions from colonists were mixed:
Some praised the Sons of Liberty
Others felt the destruction of private property was far too radical

26. In 1773, the colonists threw the tea in the sea (rhymes)

27. Parliamentary Acts “Intolerable” Acts (1774)
Purpose
To punish Bostonians
Boston Port Act – closed until tea is paid for
Quartering Act - expanded
Administration of Justice Act – British officials tried in British courts not colonial courts
Massachusetts Government Act – took power away from Massachusetts Legislature and appoint a ROYAL governor
Quebec Act
Colonial Reaction
Suffolk Resolves
“Liberty will reign!”
First Continental Congress

28. Parliamentary Acts “Intolerable” Acts (1774)
Bostonians paying the excise man
Tar and Feathering

29. Which Side Are You On?
Colonies
British Empire/Parliament
Fought and died in wars with Natives and European enemies
Risk life and health in a new environment
Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rights
Developed economies which benefit the Empire
Familiar with life in colonies more so than in England
God-given liberty
Provide protection from Natives and Europeans
Benefit exceptionally well from success of British Empire with little contribution
Abide by the rule of law
Colonists as second-class citizens
“virtual representation”
Britons pay 2-3 times taxes than colonists

30. The Enlightenment The Age of Reason
At its peak in mid 1700’s
Several future American leaders are maturing at this time
Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams – influenced
Trusted human reason to solve the may problems of life and society
Emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity
Many Enlightenment thinkers were Deists
Believe that God created the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal

31. The Enlightenment: The Philosophes
John Locke
John Locke
Social contract- gov’t is corrupt people have a right to overthrow it
Voltaire
Candide
Baron de Montesquieu
Spirit of the Laws
Separation of powers
Checks and balances
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract
“the general will”
Voltaire
Rousseau

32. John Locke "Father of Liberalism”
All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.
the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.
“Social Contract”
human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance
resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society

33. Voltaire
I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.
Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.
Candide-Fiction-Satire to attack the church and the state.
 "at what price we eat sugar in Europe" -Slavery
Can’t trust us to make the right decisions.
Freedom of Speech

34. Baron de Montesquieu
There is no greater tyranny than that which is perpetrated under the shield of the law and in the name of justice.
To become truly great, one has to stand with people, not above them.
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
Protect the people from tyranny,

35. Jean Jacque Rousseau Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.
he more men deviated from the state of nature, the worse off they would be.
The Social Contract outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism.
abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.