1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Systema Respiratorium
DR. OKAN EKİM

2. Respiratory System
Respiration  Inspiration (Inhalation) + Expiration (Exhalation)
Inspiration  Active phase
Expiration  Passive Phase
Ventilation
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Vital capacity, tidal volume.

3. Functions of Repiratory Organs
Gaseous exchanging of O2 and CO2 occurs in alveoli. Smallest units in the lungs.
Olfaction or smelling.
Filtering, warming and moistening of inhaled air.
Reducing of circulatory system temperature (water and heat exchange).
Vocalisation.
Protection of lower repiratory organs during breathing or swallowing.

4. Members of Respiratory Tract
Nasus  Nose
Nares  Nostrils
Cavum nasi  Nasal Cavity
Pharynx (Pars respiratoria)  Pharynx (respiratoric part)
Larynx
Trachea
Pulmones Lungs
Bronchus
Bronchiols
Alveoli  Alveols

5. Nose (Nasus, Rhin) Nostrils  Nares Ala (wing) of nose  Alae nasi
Ala nasalis lateralis et medialis
Nasus cutaneus (eq)
Dorsal and ventral nasal angles
Nasal diverticulum (eq)
Alar groove (rum)
Nasolabial plate (B. rum)
Nasal plate (K. rum, car)
Rostral plate (Sus)
Philtrum (K.rum ve car.)

6. Nasal Cartilages (Cartilago Nasi)
Nasal septum  Septum nasi
Cartilago alaris (alar cartilage)
Plate (lamina) , horn (cornu)
Fully present only in eq
Cartilago nasi lateralis dorsalis
(Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage)
Cartilago nasi lateralis ventralis
(Ventral lateral nasal cartilage)
(absent in eq)
Cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis
(Medial accessory nasal cartilage)
(rudimentary in car & sus)
Cartilago nasalis accessoria lateralis
(Lateral accessory nasal cartilage)

7. Nasal Cavity (Cavum Nasi) & Nasal Passages
Cavum nasi dextrum et sinistrum
Septum nasi
Cartilago septi nasi
Nasal puncta and nasolacrimal duct
Concha nasalis dorsalis (dorsal nasal concha)  Endoturbinate I
Rectal fold (plica recta)
Concha nasalis media (middle nasal concha)  Endoturbinate II
Concha nasalis ventralis (ventral nasal concha)  Maxilloturbinate
Alar fold (plica alaris) Basal fold (plica basalis)

8. Meatus nasi dorsalis (dorsal nasal meatus) Olfactory way
Meatus nasi medius (middle nasal meatus)  Sinus way
Nasomaxillar aperture
Meatus nasi ventralis (ventral nasal meatus)  Respiratoric way
Meatus nasi communis (common nasal meatus)

9. Properties of Nasal Mucosa
Vestibular region (entrance)  Cutan mucosa
Respiratory region  Respiratoric mucosa
Columnar and ciliated epithelium
Sero-mucous, small and larger, glands
Olfactory region  Olfactory mucosa
Supporting cells
Olfactory reseptors
Bipolar neurons
Basal cells in mucosa
Olfactory (Bowman) glands

10. Paranasal Sinuses (Sinus Paranasales)
Sinus maxillaris
sinus maxillaris rostralis & caudalis (eq)
Sinus frontalis
Sinus lacrimalis (sus, rum)
Sinus palatinus (car. ve sus’ta yok)
Sinus sphenoidale (köpek ve k. rum’da yok )

11. LARYNX Laryngeal Cartilages Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
Arythenoid cartilage (cartilago arythenoidea)
Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyroidea)
Epiglottic cartilage (cartilago epiglottis)

12. Arythenoid cartilage
Craniodorsal  proc. corniculatus
Caudodorsal  proc. muscularis
Basis  proc. vocalis
Cricoid cartilage
Cricoid arch (arcus)
Cricoid lamina

13. Thyroid Cartilage (Cartilago Thyroidea)
Lamina dextra et sinistra
Thyroid notch
Incissura thyroidea rostralis et caudalis
Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Oblique line
Cornu rostrale et caudale
Fissura thyroidea
Cartilago epiglottis
Facies lingualis
Facies laryngea
Petiolus epiglottis
Proc. cuneiformis (eq.)

14. Laryngeal Cavity (Cavum Laryngis)
Aditus laryngis  Aryepiglottic folds limit laterally
Laryngeal Vestibule
Vestibular fold
Ventriculus laryngis lateralis
Ventriculus laryngis medianus
Glottic Cavity (Glottis)
Vocal proccess
Vocal fold (plica vocalis)
M. vocalis + Lig. Vocale = Vocal fold
Labium vocale
Glottic cleft (rima glottidis)
Pars intermembranacea  glottis vocalis
Pars intercartilaginea  glottis respiratoria
Infraglottic cavity (cavum infraglotticum)

15. Viborg’s Triangle
Saccus aeroforus (guttural pouch)  One of a pair of air chambers in the neck just behind the skull and below the ears and lateral to pharynx. Clinically important for mycosis infections.
Viborg’s Triangle  to surgical reach the guttural pouch
Cranial: Ventral margin of ramus mandibula
Caudal: Sternomandibular muscle itself and its tendo
Ventral: Linguofacial vein

16. TRACHEA Cervical part Thoracal part Annular ligament
Tracheal cartilages
Tracheal muscle
Paries membranaceus

17. Tracheostomy
Dorsal Tracheostomy  3-4 cm below from Cart. cricoidea’nın. Sternothyrohyoid muscles should be dissected laterally.
Ventral Tracheostomi  Middle one third of the neck

18. Branching of Trachea in The Lungs
Bifurcatio tracheae
Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister
Bronchus trachealis ( rum, sus )
Bronchus lobaris
Bronchus segmentalis
Bronchus subsegmentalis
Bronchuli terminales
Bronchuli respiratoria = Bronchuli alveolares
Ductus alveolaris
Sacculus alveolaris

19. Lungs (Pulmones) Base  Basis pulmonis Apex  Apex pulmonis
Costal surface (Facies costalis)
Diaphragmatic surface (Facies diaphragmatica)
Interlobar surface (Facies interlobaris)
Medial surface (Facies medialis)
Pars vertebralis / Pars mediastinalis
Cardiac impression (Impressio cardiaca)
Hilus pulmonis
Aortic impression (Impressio aortica)
Esophageal impression (Impressio esophagea)
Dorsal margin Margo dorsalis (obtusus)
Ventral margin  Margo ventralis ( acutus )
Cardiac notch (Incisura cardiaca)
Interlobar fissures (Fissura interlobaris)
Lobuli pulmones (sığır, domuz, keçi)

20. Lobulation of Lungs in Equine Species
LEFT
1) Lobus cranialis
2) Lobus caudalis
RIGHT
1) Lobus cranialis
2) Lobus caudalis
3) Lobus accessorius

21. Lobulation of Lungs in Carnivores
LEFT
1) Lobus cranialis pars cranialis
2) Lobus cranialis pars caudalis
3) Lobus caudalis
RIGHT
1) Lobus cranialis
2) Lobus medius
3) Lobus caudalis
4) Lobus accessorius

22. Lobulation of Lungs in Ruminants
LEFT
1) Lobus cranialis pars cranialis
2) Lobus cranialis pars caudalis
3) Lobus caudalis
RIGHT
1)Lobus cranialis pars cranialis
2)Lobus cranialis pars caudalis
3)Lobus medius
4)Lobus caudalis
5)Lobus accessorius

23. Thoracal Cavity
Apertura thoracis cranialis 1. thoracal vertebra, ilk costa’lar, manubrium sterni
Apertura thoracis caudalis Son thoracal vert., son costa’lar, proc. xiphoideus ve diaphragma.
Pleura Pleura parietalis, pleura visceralis (pulmonalis).
Cupulae pleura

24. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by parietal pleura.
Extends from cranial thoracic aperture to the diaphragm caudally.
Mediastinum contains a group of structures within the thorax.
Mediastinum craniale (precardial mediastinum)  Esophagus, trachea, tr. Brachiocephalicus, a. carotis communis, v. cava cranialis, n. vagus, n. phrenicus…
Mediastinum medium (cardial mediastinum ) Trachea, esophagus, heart, pericardium, arteries and veins of heart.
Mediastinum caudale (postcardial mediastinum )  Aorta thoracica, v. azygos, ductus thoracicus, n. phrenicus, v. cava caudalis…

25. Thank You For Your Attention… Dr. Okan EKİM ekim@ankara.edu.tr