1. Gettysburg to the End of the Civil War

2. Choose the Best General
In the first 2 ½ years of the Civil War, the main Union Army, the Army of the Potomac, had 5 ‘coaches’, or commanding generals: • Winfield Scott, who thought up the Anaconda Plan, but lost at the 1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas; • George McClellan, who from Shiloh to Antietam only managed one decisive victory despite outnumbering Confederate forces by a total of 347,000 to 278,000; • Ambrose Burnside, who lost the Battle of Fredericksburg with 2/1 troops advantage; • Joseph Hooker, who lost at Murfreesboro and Chancellorsville, where the Union had an almost 2-to-1 advantage; and • George Meade, who won at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, but angered President Lincoln by implying that the Confederacy was a separate nation, not just states in rebellion as the President believed.

3. What the President felt that he needed more than anything was a commander who would give him and the Union decisive victories.
Grant’s total victory at Vicksburg including the surrender of the entire 22,000 man Confederate force fighting there led Lincoln to appoint Grant the Commander in Chief of the Army of the Potomac.

4. Lincoln appointed Ulysses S
Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant as General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States, fortunes change…
Grant’s determination to see a thing through that seemed to separate him from his predecessors.
Grant’s leadership as a general led to Northern victories and the South’s eventual surrender at Appomattox, after the fall of Petersburg and Richmond.
Many of the South’s experienced generals and officers were killed at Gettysburg, which accounted in part for the success of the North after 1863.

5. Military Innovations from the Civil War • land mines • hand grenades
• iron-clad ships (iron plates on wooden ships)
• small submarines
• repeating rifles with interchangeable parts
• revolving gun turrets
• machine guns (Gatling guns)
• new types of ammunition (pre-loaded bullets vs. hand-made musket balls and lead bullets)
• aerial observation (balloons)
• telegraph for communication between troops in the field and headquarters
• railroads to move troops
• compulsory military service - draft
• trench warfare
• spy networks (including women spies)
• ambulance corps for the Army
• Army nursing corps (Clara Barton)
• dog tags for identification

10. Surrender Terms at Appomattox
Duplicate rolls of all officers and men
Officers to give a guarantee that neither they nor their men will take up arms against the US
All arms (except for the side arms of officers), artillery, and property owned by the Confederacy to be stacked and turned over to the Union Army
Confederate soldiers paroled to go home
The terms under which Lee surrendered were very generous. Officers were even allowed to keep their side arms. Lincoln’s reconstruction plans were equally generous, but there was one thing that Booth, a racist, could not accept.

11. Reconstruction (build up again)
Effects of the Civil War on America
Grab paper from front desk

13. The end…
At the end of the Civil War in 1865, there was a much different America than there had been at the beginning of the war.
The economy of the South had been destroyed.
Many Southern cities had been destroyed.
The practice of slavery in the South had been abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation.
Freedmen (former slaves) had to find their place in society, many of them without any skills except, knowing how to work.

14. Slave Narrative

15. Lincoln is assassinated 4/15 1865 by John Wilkes Booth shortly after his reelection
After Lincoln’s death, his plan was adopted and modified by his successor, Andrew Johnson. Reconstruction changes.

17. 13
The passage of the 13th Amendment outlawed slavery and permanently changed the social and economic life of the United States. The plantation system collapsed, a system of sharecropping developed, there were migrations of freed African-Americans from the South to the North, and demands for education by blacks who remained in the South.

18. 14
The passage of the 14th Amendment gave citizenship to all African-Americans. In effect, this nullified the decision in the Dred Scott case. This amendment extended equal protection under the law to blacks, and was the basis for the Army’s occupation of the South during Reconstruction

19. 15
The passage of the 15th Amendment gave the right to vote to African-American males. (No American female had the right to vote until the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.) There were blacks elected to many offices in the South during Reconstruction as a result of this amendment.

20. Revolution? Revolution: a fundamental change in organization
***How are the political, social, and economic changes of the Civil War revolutionary?

21. Civil War was revolutionary in that it restructured American society:
Blacks were included in the political life of the nation for the first time as a result of the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which outlawed slavery, conferred citizenship, and guaranteed the right to vote (to black males).
The economy and society of the South were devastated. The abolition of slavery destroyed the plantation system and the social structure it had supported.