1. Reform Movements of the 1800s
Prison
Education
Abolition
Women’s Rights
Care of the Disabled
Temperance

2. People Involved Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Believed that the key to reform was better education
Secretary of the Massachusetts state board of education
Established state normal schools (colleges for teachers)
Ideas included:
improvement of schoolhouses and equipment
better pay for teachers
controversial ideas about coeducation (boys and girls together)

3. Before reform:
No unified approach; different communities had different attitudes and systems
Schools were more common in New England
Southern students were more likely to be taught at home
Some religious communities provided education
Girls received far less education than boys
Few African-Americans had educational opportunities
After Nat Turner’s revolt, it was illegal to teach slaves to read or write
No formal teacher training (Poorly trained teachers)
“Poor” schools were rarely attended because of parents’ pride and the fact that many poor children worked in factories

4. Education Reform
States adopted education standards (but not all at once)
Mann published the bi-weekly Common School Journal
Teacher colleges (normal schools) were established
More children of various backgrounds received education
Education was free, paid for with tax dollars

5. Educated persons help improve society and the economy
Education Reform
Impact on Society:
Educated persons help improve society and the economy
Powerful instrument for social unity
Providing all children with a common set of values and skills

6. Prison Reform Dorothea Dix Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887)
Toured prisons and insane asylums to gather information
Testified before various state legislatures about the appalling conditions
Traveled to Europe and appealed to the Queen of England and the pope
Dorothea Dix

7. Prison Reform Conditions prior to reform: Prisoners chained to walls
Intended to punish, not rehabilitate
Children and adults incarcerated together
Beatings and torture

8. Accomplishments Slowly turned to the idea of rehabilitation
Isolation for the worst offenders
Education services brought in
Women and children were in separate facilities
Some U.S. prisons became the model other countries followed

9. William Lloyd Garrison
Abolition
"immediate emancipation!"
Fredrick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
I could, as a free man, look across the bay toward the Eastern Shore where I was born a slave.

10. Prior to reform: Slaves are forbidden to learn to read
“Black Codes:” Laws passed to repress slaves in order to prevent rebellion
Expansion of cotton growing in the south increases the demand for slavery
The South’s entire economy and culture becomes based on slavery
Anti- slavery sentiment grows in the North
Photo shows scars left from whippings on a slave’s back

11. Accomplishments: Eventually:
Anti- slavery societies grow in the North
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published and becomes a best seller
Rallies and conventions are held
William Lloyd Garrison publishes “The Liberator”
Eventually:
Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
After the Civil War, the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution are passed

12. People Involved
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott

13. Prior to Reform… Not allowed to vote
Women were not treated as equal to men
Married women were considered "Legally Dead"
Not allowed to vote
Had no property rights
Not allowed to enter professions in medicine or law
Not permitted to enroll in college
Couldn't participate in church affairs
Were completely dependent on men

14. “The Inspectors of Election By Whom Her Vote was Received.”

15. Seneca Falls Convention
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…
Excerpt from the “Declaration of Rights and Sentiments,” adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention

16. Amelia Bloomer introduced her design for women’s trousers called “Bloomers.”
At the time, they were considered scandalous.

17. Care of the Disabled
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet ( ) Pioneer of deaf education
Samuel Gridley Howe ( ), Pioneer of education for the blind
Dorothea Lynde Dix ( , Pioneer of prison, hospital and asylum reform

18. the sick and insane were "confined in this Commonwealth [Massachusetts] in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience."

19. Accomplishments…
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet ( ) pioneered in the education of deaf children by founding the first free school in Philadelphia for deaf children in 1817.
Samuel Gridley Howe ( ), provided for the sightless some of the same reforms Gallaudet pioneered for the deaf. For 44 years Howe ran the New England Asylum for the Blind. In addition, he also advocated asylums for the insane and retarded.
Dorothea Dix ( ), born in Maine, was outraged at the treatment of the insane and the mentally retarded. She lobbied tirelessly to publicize the inhuman conditions in poorhouses and basements where the insane were often kept in chains. Her efforts led to the creation of new hospitals and asylums in 15 states and in Canada.

20. Temperance Movement
Carrie Nation
Lyman Beecher

21. Prior to Reform… Lost wages High crime
Drunkenness was reaching catastrophic levels
Lost wages
High crime
Broken families (mostly afflicted men)
Whiskey (made from corn) was cheaper than milk or beer and safer to drink than water!
In 1820 the amount of hard liquor drunk per person was 3 times what it is today!

22. Year 1800 6.6 gallons 1810 7.1 gallons 1820 6.8 gallons 1830 1840
What conclusion can be drawn from the information in the chart?
Americans in the early 1800s were not serious users of alcohol
The Temperance Movement of the 1830s helped reduce alcohol use
Abolitionists opposed drinking of alcoholic beverages
By the time of the Civil War, America was becoming a “nation of drunkards”
Year
Amount of Alcohol Consumed by Each Person
1800
6.6 gallons
1810
7.1 gallons
1820
6.8 gallons
1830
1840
3.1 gallons
1850
1.8 gallons
Source: America, Pathway to the Present
Making predictions – what do you think the 1860 consumption level would be?

23. Temperance propaganda…

25. Look at the differences between the Tree of Temperance and the Tree of Intemperance

26. The sweet “fruits” of temperance

27. The bitter “fruits” of intemperance

28. Accomplishments Women figured prominently in leadership roles
Hard liquor consumption dropped by 50% in the 1830s
By states had prohibition laws making alcohol illegal

29. The Second Great Awakening

30. What was The Second Great Awakening?
The Second Great Awakening was a Christian religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed the idea that every person could be saved.

31. Influence on Society
Preached that selfishness was the root of sin and evil
Influenced many reform movements, especially prison reform, abolition, temperance and care for the disabled and insane
By doing charitable work (God’s work) one could be saved
Church membership soared
New Christian denominations are established

32. Key Figures Thomas Campbell, Methodist Preacher
Joseph Smith, Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

34. Art, Literature and Culture
TEKS 8.26A: describe developments in art, music, and literature that are unique to American culture such as the Hudson River School artists, John James Audubon, "Battle Hymn of the Republic," transcendentalism, and other cultural activities in the history of the United States

35. Hudson River School Artists
Not an actual school, but an artistic trend in 1800s America. Named because of its beginnings in the Hudson River Valley of New York State and after many of the earlier paintings that depicted this region of the country.

36. Artists believed that nature (especially American nature)
Three main themes:
Discovery
Exploration
Settlement
Characterized by:
Realistic, detailed, idealized portrayal of nature
Many show no evidence of Man’s impact
When humanity (or evidence of humanity) is portrayed, it shows man in harmony with nature
Artists believed that nature
(especially American nature)
is a manifestation of God.

37. Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
natural world is a doorway to the spiritual/ideal world
Intuition (feeling) is superior to rationality (thinking)
self-reliance and individualism outweigh blind conformity to custom, tradition, and authority
non-conformists
do not follow society, but rather do it their own way

38. John James Audubon Ornithologist (expert on birds) and painter.
Famous for his highly accurate and detailed illustrations of American birds in their natural habitat.