2. Unit 6 – Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction
Analyze the Issues that led to the Civil War, the effect of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the Nation

3. Unit 6 – Trace the economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of Civil War. Analyze and asses the causes of the Civil War

4. Mexican-American War
an armed conflict between the U.S. and Mexico from 1846 to after the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered part of its territory.
Southerners supported war – saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in Congress.
Northern Abolitionists opposed war – saw it as a plot to expand slavery and ensure Southern domination in Congress.

6. The Compromise of 1850
Proposed by Sen. Henry Clay when CA applied for statehood
Admitted CA as a free state; disrupted balance of power
More free states (North) in Congress now; got more power
Slave states (South) got stricter Fugitive Slave Law
Angered Abolitionists in North who would be forced to enforce slavery in Free States by forcing the return of fugitive slaves to their masters.
Contradicted Missouri Compromise by allowing there to be more free states than slave states

7. Fugitive Slave Act Most controversial part of Compromise of 1850.
Protected 5th Amendment property rights of slave owners throughout U.S.
Imposed defense of slavery on Northern Free States.
Increased efforts to assist run-away slaves on Underground Railroad

8. The Underground Railroad
Harriett Tubman and other “conductors” assisted thousands of fugitive slaves in their escape to freedom
Tubman became known as the “Moses of her people”
Southern Slave owners became extremely suspicious and fearful of outsiders; passed strict Slave Codes limiting freedom and movement of slaves.

9. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Book written by Harriett Beecher Stowe that stirred anti-slavery emotions and turned slavery into a moral issue.
Increased support for Abolitionist Movement by exposing brutality and inhumanity of slavery.
Increased anger in the South who said such attacks on slavery from book were “a pack of lies”.

10. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Illinois Senator, Stephen Douglas proposed that western territories (Kansas and Nebraska) be permitted to vote whether to be free or slave states.
Repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 which had limited slavery below the 36*30’ compromise line.
Allowed potential for spread of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska
Raised fear that slavery was spreading control of U.S.; led to creation of Republican Party that opposed spread of slavery

11. Birth of the Republican Party
Abolitionists who feared a conspiracy to spread slavery throughout the United States organized into political movement after the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Established a platform that opposed popular sovereignty and the spread of slavery into the territories; some supported full abolition of slavery.

12. “Bleeding Kansas”
Dispute over popular sovereignty that erupted into violence as “free- soilers” and pro-slavery forces clashed over who would control the new state.
“Free-soiler”, John Brown led antislavery massacre of pro-slavery supporters.
Brown hoped to rid Kansas of proslavery supporters before popular sovereignty vote could be held
Showed that people were willing to fight over issue of slavery.

13. The Caning of Charles Sumner
Tension and violence over slavery spilled over onto the floor of Congress as debate involves personal attacks.

14. Dred Scott v. Sanford
Case originating in Illinois when slave Dred Scott sued for freedom when his master died while in a Free State.
Supreme Court and Chief Justice Roger Taney declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional; property rights of slave owners cannot be denied in the U.S.
Upheld the Fugitive Slave Act and legalized the ownership of slaves throughout the U.S.
Denied citizenship rights to ALL African-Americans – eventually made 14th Amendment necessary

15. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Stephen Douglas defended the principle of Popular Sovereignty and states’ rights to chose their own status (favored by the South)
Lincoln argued for stopping the spread of slavery into new territories and states.
Abraham Lincoln emerged as a rising star in the Republican Party saying, “A House Divided cannot stand…this govt. cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
"A house divided against itself cannot stand.  I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.  I do not expect the union to be dissolved, I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided.  It will become all one thing or all of the other."

16. Election of 1860
Republican Abraham Lincoln won election despite not even being on the ballot in 10 Southern States
Point at which Slave States lost power to stop abolitionist legislation in Congress and the White House; feared attacks on states’ rights and slavery would soon follow.
Outraged Southern states that president was elected without even being on the ballot in 10 southern states; southern interests were no longer represented in govt.; caused secession

17. Secession of Confederate States
Convinced that the Federal govt. no longer represented their interests, South Carolina led 11 southern states in declaring their independence from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (CSA)

18. Firing on Fort Sumter
Point at which Confederacy started war for independence, and the Union accepted war to “preserve the Union”.

19. Causes of the Civil War Review
1. The official name of the Antislavery movement was the _____________________________.
2. When Stephen Douglas argued in support of popular sovereignty, he wanted new states to be able to _______________________________.
3. Many northerners were angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it
a. included a strict Fugitive Slave Act.
b. allowed for popular sovereignty and the spread of slavery.
c. was supported by many southerners.
d. overturned an earlier Supreme Court decision.
4. Lincoln’s election led many Southerners to which conclusion? a.  both free and slave states would continue to be admitted to the Union b.  the South should secede from the Union c.  the South would have increased control in the federal government d.  slavery would cease in all newly created territories
5. The idea that the US was created by the states and that the states could leave, or secede, from the Union if they wanted to represents the concept of:
a. republicanism
b. states’ rights
c. nationalism
d. popular sovereignty