1. Designers
EdExcel A2 Theory

2. Characteristics in terms of design styles, philosophy and influences on design culture of the following designers and design movements:
William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement
Charles Rennie Macintosh and the Art Nouveau movement
Marcel Breuer and the Bauhaus modernist movement
Eileen Gray and the Art Deco movement
Raymond Loewy and streamlining
Phillipe Starck and the New Design style (post-modernism).

3. William Morris
Arts and Crafts

4. William Morris 24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896
An English textile designer, artist & writer.
Arts and Crafts was an international design movement that flourished between 1860 and 1910, especially in the second half of that period, continuing its influence until the 1930s. It was led by the artist and writer William Morris during the 1860s
It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and has been said to be essentially anti-industrial.

5. Arts and Crafts
Arts and Crafts was an international design movement that flourished between 1860 and 1910, especially in the second half of that period, continuing its influence until the 1930s
It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often applied medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration.
It advocated economic and social reform and has been said to be essentially anti-industrial.

6. Arts and Crafts Philosophy
The industrial revolution had made man less creative as ‘his’ craft skills had been removed from the manufacturing process.
Promoted simple items (furniture, ornaments etc...)
Manufactured through good craft techniques.
It was a rebellion against the age of mass production.
A return to traditional craft methods and ‘romantic’ forms of decoration.
Products were to be manufactured by individuals or small groups rather than on a mass production line.
Supported economic and social reforms as away of attacking the industrialised age.
Design Style
Simple form and shape
Hand made

7. Arts and Crafts
Style:
Hand made simple forms with little ornamentation
beauty of natural materials
stylised flowers, upside down hearts, Celtic motifs

8. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Art Nouveau

9. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928)
Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist.
Main representative of Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art (especially the decorative arts ) that were most popular during 1890–1910.
The name "Art Nouveau" is French for "new art”
It took designs and forms in nature and used flowing curves to stylize them.
In architecture the classic Art Nouveau design looked as if a plant was actually growing on the building.

10. Art Nouveau Flowing/wavy/sweeping/curly/whiplash lines.
Based on the style of nature/natural forms.
Stylised climbing plants/insects/flowers/female form.
Decorative/personalised/handcrafted style.
Celtic/Arabian/Japanese/ancient Greek patterns gave inspiration.
Used modern materials/glass and wrought iron.
Used in architecture, glass, jewellery, fabrics & wallpaper.

11. Art Nouveau Philosophy
a highly decorative style, popular from approximately the 1870s to 1920/30s
relied on traditional craft skills
Highly skilled workers
It was the preserve of the rich
Most Art Nouveau furniture was manufactured in factories or workshops, as ‘one offs’ or as a limited batch production
Products of this style were expensive and out of reach of the average person.
Design Style
Detailed decoration
Usually ornate
Female figures were sometimes a feature of the designs

12. Art Nouveau

13. Art Nouveau

15. Marcel Breuer
Bauhaus

16. Marcel Breuer (21 May 1902 – 1 July 1981)
Hungarian-born modernist, architect and furniture designer
Studied and taught at the Bauhaus in the 1920s (design school)

17. Bauhaus
It was a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts ( )
The Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design.
The Bauhaus movement teaches “truth to materials”, which means that material should be used in its most appropriate and “honest” form, and its nature should not be changed. For example, supportive materials such as steel should be exposed and not hidden within the interior framework of a piece of furniture.
Bauhaus is German(ish!) for house construction

18. Bauhaus Philosophy All mediums were brought together - unification
Students should learn from each-other
Boundaries and “snobberies” removed
Experimentation with materials and techniques
Desire to find new ways to design the everyday item
Emphasis on functionality and simplicity - minimalist
Purer aesthetics
The ornate and overly complicated was discouraged
Emphasis on mass manufacturing techniques
Bold, modern, radical architecture
Clean and bright
Belief in variety
Design Style
Reduced the complexity of design to simplicity
Functionality and an pure form of aesthetics
Geometric shapes
Bold colours
Exposed materials

19. Bauhaus

20. Bauhaus
Geometric shapes

21. Bauhaus
Fonts

22. Eileen Gray
Art Deco

23. Eileen Gray (August 9, 1878 – October 31, 1976)
An Irish furniture designer and architect and a pioneer of the Modern Movement in architecture.
Her work can be regarded as both functional and artistic.

24. Art Deco
An influential visual arts design style which first appeared in France during the 1920s, flourished internationally during the 30s and 40s, then waned in the post-World War II era.
An eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials.
The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.
During its heyday Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.

25. Art Deco Took in hand crafted and machine manufacture.
Has an opulent style.
Influenced by cubist paintings of Picasso & Braque.
Primitive art forms African/Aztec/Egyptian art used.
Used geometric/symmetrical/simple shapes, zig zag patterns/ chevrons/sunbursts.
Bright colours used.
Designs strong/bold shapes/sharp edges.
Style based on smooth shapes.
Used in jewellery/buildings/perfume bottles/radios.
Expensive/exotic materials/enamel/ivory/polished stone/chrome used.
Art Deco designs to be made at low cost through mass production.

26. Art Deco Philosophy Popular modernism
Eclectic / ideas come from a wide range of sources
Decorative / elegant / opulent / glamorous style
Primary purpose to be beautiful / ornamental
A response to human need for pleasure / a reaction against austerity
Both hand-crafted and machine-made items accepted
Affordable materials should be used
Opulent architectural and decorative arts style
Design style
Based on geometric shapes / stepped forms / chevron patterns / fan shaped motifs / sunburst
Influenced by primitive arts
Bright vibrant colours
Symmetry and repetition
Controlled chaos
Designs based upon arts of Africa / Egyptian / Aztec influences
Modern materials / aluminium / Bakelite / steel / chrome inlaid woods used
Exotic materials / sharkskin / zebra skins used
Expensive materials ivory/bronze/polished stone used

27. Art Deco

28. Art Deco

29. Art Deco

30. Raymond Loewy
Streamlining

31. Raymond Loewy (November 5, 1893 – July 14, 1986)
An industrial designer

32. Streamlining
Streamline Moderne, sometimes referred to by either name alone or as Art Moderne, was a late type of the Art Deco design style which emerged during the 1930s.
Its architectural style emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements.

33. Streamlining Philosophy
Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future
Streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, railroad cars, buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s
Simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class
Reflecting the intended consumer.
Design Style
Horizontal orientation
Rounded edges, corner windows
Glass brick walls
Porthole windows
Chrome hardware
Smooth exterior wall surfaces, usually stucco (smooth plaster finish)
Flat roof with coping
Horizontal grooves or lines in walls
Subdued colors: base colors were typically light earth tones, off-whites, or beiges; and trim colors were typically dark colors (or bright metals) to contrast from the light base

34. Streamlining
Raymond Loewy

35. Phillipe Starck
Post-Modernism

36. Phillipe Starck (1949-present)
Philippe Patrick Starck is a French product designer. His designs range from interior designs to mass-produced consumer goods such as toothbrushes, chairs, and even houses.
One of the best-known contemporary designers in the world
Much of his work produced in the 1980's and 1990's was influenced by fashion and novelty.

37. Post-modernism
A cluster of philosophical, literary, cultural and art movements which developed in the mid-twentieth century.
It is difficult to come up with a strict definition of postmodernism.

38. Post-modernism Philosophy Started with architecture
Reaction against the blandness of Bauhaus
Designs should be individual
Put personality back into designs
Product need not follow conventional shapes / colours
Less is a bore
Better to produce a creative mistake than a stagnant piece of work in good taste
Design style
Work described as vibrant / bright / colourful
Products often highly decorative
Designs taken from past movements / styles but updated
Modern materials used in designs
Often tries to satisfy trend to nostalgia/retro design re-invented
Surface structure of buildings distorted
Structure of buildings gives impression of controlled chaos
Humorous / fun
Form over function
Deconstruction
Features the inside on the outside

39. Post-modernism

40. Summary

41. Arts and Crafts
Hand made simple forms with little ornamentation, beauty of natural materials, stylised flowers, upside down hearts, Celtic motifs
Art Nouveau
Takes designs and forms in nature and used flowing curves to stylise them.
Bauhaus
Geometric shapes, truth to materials”, which means that material should be used in its most appropriate and “honest” form, and its nature should not be changed.(view materials)
Art Deco
An eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterised by rich colours, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation. Controlled chaos.
Streamlining
Late type of Art Deco, style emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements.
Post Modernism
Highly decorative, form over function, modern materials, bright, vibrant, colourful, individual designs. Often influenced by pop/punk/etc / personality in designs

42. QUIZ!!!
Name the design movement….

43. 1

44. 1 - Bauhaus Functional Design.
Simplistic and yet thoughtful modern design.
Manufactured on an industrial scale using industrial techniques.
Combination of modern materials and modern manufacturing techniques.
Relatively cheap.

45. 2

46. 2 – Art Nouveau Decorative / ornate. Skillful craftsmanship,
Design based on traditional craft skills
Material - Traditional wrought iron.
Expensive
Artistic

47. 3

48. 3 – Art Nouveau Complex in design.
Art and decoration more important than comfort.
Ornate and expensive.
Expensive materials.
Traditional materials used.
Manufactured through traditional craft skills.
Expensive to manufacture.

49. 4

50. 4 - Bauhaus Minimalist in design. Simplicity is key to this design.
Simple shape and form.
The function of the chair put before decoration.
Minimal material used.
New materials and manufacturing techniques used in this innovative design.
Aesthetically pleasing.

51. 5

52. 5 – Art Deco
The height of the table can be adjusted. The stand is composed of two ‘telescopic tubes’.

53. 6

54. 6 - Streamlining

55. 7

56. 7 – Art Deco

57. 8

58. 8 – Art Deco

59. 9

60. 9 – Post Modernism

61. 10

62. 10 - Streamlining

63. Task Produce a revision sheet (A4) with the following information on:
The person (brief)
The era they link to
Design styles (trends, with examples)
Philosophy
Influences on design culture
1. William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement
2. Charles Rennie Macintosh and the Art Nouveau movement
3. Marcel Breuer and the Bauhaus modernist movement
4. Eileen Gray and the Art Deco movement
5. Raymond Loewy and streamlining
6. Phillipe Starck and the New Design style (post-modernism).