1. The French Revolution

2. French Society
Satire
Peasant
Aristocrat
Bishop
Nobility of the Robe

3. “True democracy is nearly anarchy”.

4. Backround-The Old Regime
Refers to the Aristocratic, Social and Political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties-14th to 18th centuries.

5. Ancien Regime
Political-Evolution of Absolute Rule under Divine Right (Louis XIV, XV, and XVI)
Social-Privileged Social Classes (Aristocracy-Nobility of the Robe, Sword - 2% ,and Clergy - 1% Aristocratic)
Religious-State controlled Catholicism
Intellectual-Enlightenment (Ideas of Equality)
Technological-Industrial Revolution
Economic-Mercantilism,Tax burden (corvee, taille) on the majority of the people.

6. Ancien Regime Society-The Estates First Estate--Clergy
Provided religious education and services for the nation
Second Estate--Aristocracy
Responsible for local control of the Parlements.
Took advantage of their political patronage and privilege
Third Estate--Everyone Else
Bourgeoisie-Middle Class-Educated professional people with little political privilege
Commoners-Worked the land. Feudal system still in place in rural areas. Heavily taxed (taille, corvee, tithe)

7. Formative Influences
Enlightenment Ideas
American Revolution

8. Aristocracy v. Monarchy
Louis XV ( )
In 1770, Maupeou appointed chancellor
Abolish the parlements
Exile members to different parts of the country
Failed-Louis XV died (1774)
Louis XVI ( )
Restored parlements for popular support
Parlements relied on Enlightenment ideas to defend their position

9. Aristocracy v. Monarchy
Louis XVI
Appoints Jacques Necker as Director General of Finances
American War cost too much--if this debt was removed, France was in a surplus
Pensions for the Aristocracy too costly
Unpopular-Necker left office

10. Aristocracy v. Monarchy
Louis XVI
Appoints Calonne-Minister of Finance
Encouraged Internal Trade
Lower taxes
Transfer peasant services to money services
New land tax requiring all landowners to pay regardless of their status.
Establish local assemblies to approve land taxes
All undermined the political and social power of the French monarchy
Resisted by the Assembly of Notables (1st and 2nd estates)
Aristocracy demands greater recognition

11. Aristocracy v. Monarchy
Louis XVI
Notables call for Calonne to be replaced, Monarchy had no right to raise taxes without the consent of the Estates General.
Calonne replaced by Brienne (one of the notables)
Agreed with Calonne
Reform a land tax
Parlements refused relied on the rule of the Estates General

12. Important Ideas Pre-Revolutionary conditions (prior to 1789)
Economic, social, and political
Calling of the Estates General (1789) and its transition to the National Assembly
Cahiers de Doleances
The Tennis Court Oath
Fall of the Bastille
Declaration of the Rights of Man...
Jean Paul Marat- L’Ami du peuple (Friend of the People)
Women’s March on Versailles

13. Class Assignment Western Civilization
Read pages 80-82, The French Revolution as a World Revolution.
Read pages 86-88, What is the Third Estate?
Take the point of view of your social position, see cartoon on page 628
Create a double entry journal.

15. What is the Third Estate?
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
Lower ranking member of the clergy, Middle Class-Abbe
Written in 1789
Political Pamphlet written when the Estates General was being called and Cahiers de Doleances were being circulated.
Member of the Patriot Party.

16. The French Revolution as a World Revolution
Why was the French Revolution described as a “World Revolution”?
Not limited to France or the 18th century.
It defined and redefined political legitimacy in terms of the “will of a nation”.
The Absolutist government was overthrown as a result.
New model of the state and a new image of society were brought into existence.

17. Before you write, remember the following;
Traditional privilege since the reign of Louis XIV.
Traditional order of society.
Influences of the Enlightenment.
Social, economic, and political conditions in 1789.

18. Dear Abbe,
Create a letter addressing Sieyes’ work, What is the Third Estate?
In your letter,
Describe his answer.
Be sure to describe each estate and their purpose. (10 points)
Your reaction to his work as a member of French society, your assigned role (peasant, aristocrat, Bishop, or Noble of the Robe).
Use specific examples from your double-entry journals. (10 points)
Genuine effort-5 points
15 minutes to complete

19. Organization and Voting
Disagreements
Equal number of representatives for each estate.
Parlement of Paris-demanded a vote by order rather than by head-each order would have one vote.
Each of the above was unfair to the Third Estate. Why?

20. Organization and Voting
1788 Royal Council agreed,
Third Estate elect twice as many members as either the nobility or the clergy.
The council still couldn’t decide on voting by head or order by the time the Estates General gathered in May (1789)

21. National Assembly As a result of the voting issue and grievances
Third Estate refused to sit as a separate order as the king desired.
June 17, Third Estate and some members of the First and Second Estates declared themselves as the National Assembly

22. Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

23. Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly was “accidentally” locked out of their usual meeting place.
Moved to a nearby Tennis Court.
Took an oath to continue to sit until a constitution for France was written.
Louis XVI tried to disband the Assembly but they were joined by a significant group of 1st and 2nd Estates.
King gave in and ordered the rest of the 1st and 2nd Estates to meet with the Assembly.

24. National Assembly
Voting was to be done by head, giving the Third Estate significant advantage.
National Assembly renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly.
Shared liberal goals for political and economic reforms for France.

25. The Great Fear
Rumors had spread that royal troops would be sent into the rural districts. Peasants reacted by attacking their landlords.
An attempt to seek justice for their position.

26. Reconstruction of France Constitution of 1791
National Constituent Assembly
Pursued a constitutional monarchy
Unicameral Legislative Assembly
Monarchy had the power to veto (only delay but not halt legislation)
Assembly had the power to declare war.
Enlightened Goals-Rationalism in;
Economics
Religious Toleration
Property rights
Provided a foundation for 19th century European Liberalism

27. Reconstruction of France Constitution of 1791
System of Indirect Election-Legislative Assembly
Active Citizen (Voting Citizen); Passive Citizen (No Vote)
Men paying annual taxes equal to three days of local labor wages
Chose Electors who then voted for the members of the legislature.
Electors-Only 50,000 could qualify
Transferred political power from the aristocracy to all forms of propertied wealth.

28. Olympe de Gouge

29. Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouge (1791)
Revolutionary radical in Paris
Addressed the document to Marie Antoinette
Much of the document was a re-print of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen adding woman to the various original causes
Demanded that women be regarded as citizens.
Women should be permitted to own property
Men should recognize the paternity of their children
Called for equality in marriage
Improved education for women

30. Departments Replace Provinces
Ancient French provinces abolished
83 departments established
Generally equal in size
Named after geographical features
Permanent achievement as they still exist today.
All political institutions of the old regime abolished including Parlements
Created uniform courts with elected judges and prosecutors
Established more humanitarian forms of punishment

31. Economic Policy Worker’s Unions were forbidden (Chapelier Law)
Worker’s subject to a free market economy
Established the metric system (weights and measures)
Confiscated Church Lands and resold them.
Caused further disruption-further
Issued government bonds-The Assignats -guaranteed by the sale of church land.
Began to circulate as currency the value eventually fell and inflation increased.

32. Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Reconstruction of Church Offices (did not consult with Rome)
Combines church and state
Reduced the number of bishoprics from 135 to 83
Dioceses now conformed to departments
Election of priests and bishops salaried by the state
All clergy must take an oath to support the Civil Constitution
Those who didn’t were identified as refractory and removed from their clerical functions
Created a schism within the church

33. Reaction to the Civil Constitution
Catholic Church went on the offensive
Condemned the measure
Condemned the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Opposed the Rational liberalism of the National Constituent Assembly and the Revolution
Divided French Citizens
Those who supported the church (refractory clergy)
Those who supported the Revolution (constitutional clergy)

34. Counterrevolutionary Activity
Emigres
Aristocrats who left France and settled in countries near the French border
Count of Artois (king’s younger brother)
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette-tried to escape to Metz, caught in Varennes.
National Assembly ordered them back to Paris and created a story claiming the king had been abducted.

35. Counterrevolutionary Activity
Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)
Emperor Leopold of Austria, brother of Marie Antoinette
William II of Prussia
Both promised to intervene in France to protect the royal family and preserve the monarchy, if the other major European powers agreed.

36. Reason for the “Tuileries Attack”
Brunswick Manifesto published in Paris news.
People suspicious of the king and concerned with the king’s treason.
Result:
Louis XVI and Marie forced to take refuge with the Legislative Assembly and then imprisoned. The king was not allowed to perform any of his political functions.

37. End of the National Constituent Assembly (1791-1792)
Concludes the reconstruction of France
Legislative Assembly began in October of 1791
Political parties now develop
Passive citizens demand recognition and participation
Paris Commune is formed (radical working-class members of Paris)

38. Important Ideas Birth of the Political Parties (Jacobin Clubs)
Absolute monarchy to Constitutional Monarchy (National Constituent Assembly, )
Louis’s escape to Varennes (1791)
Power shifts to the NCA (1791)
Introduction of the Guillotine, “The National Razor”
European reaction and Counter-revolution ( )
Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)
Brunswick Manifesto (1792)

39. Consequences of the Moderate Stage
Constitutional monarchy
Aristocrats resented their loss of position, plotted overthrow
Peasants resisted the changes, liked the status quo
Workers believed the revolution didn’t go far enough
Women demanded a wider civic role and protection
Radical Members of the Legislative Assembly thought the Revolution should go further

40. Events of 1792 “Attack at Tuileries Palace August 10, 1792”

41. The “Second” Revolution The Radical Phase 1792
The Convention assumed power of Government
Political Parties
Jacobins-named derived from meeting in the Dominican Monasteries
Girondists- part of the Jacobin party - named derived from their departement, Gironde.
sans culotte-”without breeches”
The Mountain -seats were high in the assembly hall.

42. The Jacobin Party General Political Party.
Started as a debating society
Mostly middle class
Created a vast network of political clubs
Republican
Influenced by the Enlightenment

43. Girondist Party
1791 Assumed leadership of the the Legislative Assembly
Opposed the Counterrevolution
Ordered emigres to return or forfeit their property
Required Refractory Clergy to support the Civil Constitution of the Clergy or forfeit their pensions
Declared War on Austria

44. The sans-culotte Small Shopkeepers Trades people Artisans
Shared the same middle class ideals of their representatives in government.
Provided for many of the political changes of the Second Revolution.

45. Sans-culotte “Depicted as savages by a British Cartoon”

46. Death of Marat Jacques-Louis David

47. Goals of the sans-culotte
Relief from food shortages
Price control to prevent rising prices
Social equality (hostile toward the aristocracy and hereditary privilege)
Shared political power
Republic not a monarchy.
Did not trust representative government, different from the Jacobin Party.

48. The Mountain and their goals
Jacobins who cooperated with leaders of the Parisian sans-culotte and the Paris Commune for overthrow of the monarchy.

49. Events of 1792 “The September Massacres”

50. The September Massacres
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear of the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.
The Paris Commune executed or murdered 1,200 people who were in the city jails assuming all were counterrevolutionaries.
Paris Commune then compelled to the Legislative Assembly to call for an election by universal male suffrage to write a democratic Constitution.
The Convention was born, France was now a republic without a monarch.

51. “The Execution of Louis XVI”
The Mountain and the sans-culottes
December 1792 put Louis on Trial as “Citizen Capet”.
Girondist wanted to spare his life and exile the king.
Louis was convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state, condemned to death.

52. “Execution of Louis XVI” “January 21, 1793”

53. “Execution of Louis XVI” “January 21, 1793”

54. War with Europe
By 1793, the Convention was at war with Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland (The First Coalition).
First Coalition’s goal: protect their social structures, political systems, and economic activities against the aggression of the revolution.

55. The Reign of Terror

57. The Reign of Terror
“Terror is nothing other than justice -prompt, severe, inflexible justice; It is therefore an emanation of virtue. Robespierre

58. The Reign of Terror
Protect the nation’s borders and the new republican political and social order that had emerged.
Many were arbitrarily arrested and executed-peasants to the royal family.

59. Events of 1793 France is at war within and with foreign countries.
Danton
Carnot
Events of 1793
France is at war within and with foreign countries.
Republic established the Committee of Public Safety in April
Carried the executive duties of the government
Headed by Maximilien Robespierre (executive), Jacques Danton (domestic security) and Lazare Carnot (military).
All were strong republicans and opposed the Girondists while they allied with the sans-culotte of Paris

60. Events of 1793 Levee en Masse
Mountain in complete control of the Convention (radical power)
Initiated by Carnot
An entire nation at arms. An army based on merit, not money.
All economic resources went toward the war.
Contributed to the control of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror

61. The “Republic Of Virtue”
Created by the Convention (Committee of Public Safety)
Sacrifice one’s self and one’s interest for the good of the republic. Upheld the public good over the private good.
Renamed streets using vocabulary of the revolution.
Dress copied that of the sans-culotte or the Roman Republic
Powdered wigs were gone.
Plays were censored that were insufficiently republican.

62. The “Republic of Virtue”
Suppressed the rights of women. Specifically, the Society of Republican Women founded by Pauline Leon
They could no longer participate in government.
Banned all women’s clubs and societies.
Banned from participating in the military.
Justified using Rousseau’s Separate Spheres.
Olympe de Gouges executed for opposing the Committee of Public Safety.

63. “Marie Antoinette” October 16, 1793

64. De-Christianization
Republic viewed the church as a major counterrevolutionary institution.
Claimed a new calendar dating from the first day of the Republic.
12 months of thirty days each. (Seasonal Names)
Every tenth day was a holiday. (Abolished Sundays)
Established the Cathedral of Notre Dame to be the “Temple of Reason”
Closed churches, persecuted clergy.

65. Revolutionary Tribunals
Try enemies of the republic.
Enemies:
Those who might aid other European powers.
Endangered republican virtue.
Those who opposed the dominant faction of government.

66. The End of the Terror
Robespierre began to execute political leaders on the left and right identified as enrages
He then executed Danton because he was insufficiently militant on the war, profiting monetarily from the revolution, and rejecting any links between politics and virtue.
Law of the 22 Prairial-allowed tribunals to convict suspects without substantial evidence.

67. The End of the Terror
Robespierre established the “Cult of Supreme Being”
Deistic, civic religion designed to induce morality among citizens.
July 1794-Robespierre was arrested by members of the Convention and executed.
Many feared they would be his next victim.

68. The Third Revolution “The Reactionary Stage”
Also known as the Thermidorian Reaction.
Officially ended the reign of Terror in 1794.
Revolution and sans-culotte had become too radical.
Girondists were allowed to return to their seats in government.
Committee of Public Safety was restructured.
Less power and they repeal the Law of 22 Prairial.
Many leaders of the Paris Commune were executed and the Commune outlawed.
Parisian Jacobin club closed and communication was forbidden among political Jacobin clubs.

69. “The White Terror” Reaction against the radicals of the revolution.
Radicals were attacked and murdered.
Jacobins were arrested and executed without due process.
Street violence increased- young aristocratic gangs began to attack known Jacobins.
The dress of sans-culotte and the Roman Republic disappeared among the middle class and the aristocracy.
Catholic services were restored and worship was revived.

70. The Directory
The Convention issued the Constitution of the Year III. All elected officials were male property holders.
Two house legislature
Council of Elders
Men over 40 who husbands or widowers.
Selected the members of the Directory
Council of 500
Men who were at least 30 who were married or single.
Submitted the list to the Elders to choose the Directory
Directory
Five person council who held the executive power of government.

71. The Directory Severed its relationship with the sans-culotte.
Repealed price controls
Suffered the worst food shortages in causing food riots which had to be put down with force.
Royalist tried to take advantage of the chaos.
Rose up against the Convention
Convention reacted by calling General Napoleon Bonaparte
Treaty of Basel-Peace with Prussia and Spain

72. Conspiracy of Equals

73. Conspiracy of Equals 1796-Babeuf and his followers wanted, Believed,
More radical democracy
More equality of property
To continue the revolution
Believed,
Rich monopolized all the property and governed exclusively.
The poor toil like slaves and languish in misery
The poor counted for nothing in the state
He was arrested, tried and executed. He became a martyr for future socialists.

74. Napoleon Bonaparte

75. Napoleon Bonaparte Crushed the rebellion with,
“whiff of grapeshot”--ammunition consisting of a number of small iron balls fired together from a cannon.

76. “True democracy is nearly anarchy”
Defend or refute this statement.

77. Quiz #2 10 Multiple Choice Questions (2 pts each)
Pages
Short Answer from the point of view of your assigned role (10 points)
Free Response Essay (20 points)
Thesis 5, Support 10, Organization 5
Question:
To what extent was the Third Estate responsible for altering the course of the French government?

78. Revolution of 1789

79. Aristocracy, Bourgeoisie v. Monarchy
Forced Louis XVI to call the Estates General into session
Conflict now included the bourgeoisie.
Both the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie opposed absolutism.
Aristocracy v. Bourgeoisie
Aristocracy distrusted and resented the bourgeoisie.
Bourgeoisie had an agenda, made alliances with tradespeople.
Both groups used Enlightenment ideas to further their cause

80. Struggle intensified Print Culture (technology)
Books, pamphlets, and newspapers fueled everyone’s desire to be recognized, especially those critical of the government
Established strong public opinion against the monarchy.
Most printed material contained the new ideas of the Enlightenment.

81. The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly

82. Cahiers de Doleances

83. Cahiers de Doleances
List of grievances registered by local electors, to be presented to the king.
Criticisms of government waste
Indirect taxes
Church taxes and corruption
Hunting rights of the Aristocracy
Demands
Periodic meetings of the Estates General
Equitable taxes
Local control of trade and commerce
Free Press

84. Fall of the Bastille Events leading the Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI dismissed Necker (National Constituent Assembly’s power undermined)
Surrounded Versailles and Paris with Royal Troops
People of Paris participated in Bread Riots
People of Paris began organizing a militia and collecting arms
Mob storms the Bastille on July 14, 1789
Paris Militia is organized as the National Guard and is commanded by Marquis de Lafayette.
Adopts the the new insignia

85. The Flag of Revolutionary France

86. Results Similar disturbances took place outside of Paris
Louis XVI visited Paris wearing the Revolutionary Cockade and recognized the Parlement of Paris as the official government of the city as well as the National Guard.
Parlement of Paris became an independent political force.

87. August 4, 1789
In attempt to stop the attacks some Nobles and clerics renounced their feudal rights, dues, and tithes at the National Constituent Assembly.
Hunting, fishing rights, judicial authority, and special exemptions were surrendered.
All French citizens were subject to equal law.

88. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette