1. Parts of Speech and Miscellaneous *Phrases
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Parts of Speech and Miscellaneous *Phrases
*Phrases are groups of words that work as one part of speech

2. Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective
A word that names a person, place, thing, idea or activity
Dr. Parsons, student, professor, rabbits, steak, potatoes, school, house, computer, swimming (an activity), sewing (an activity)
Who?
What?
Pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun
He, she, it, we, you, they, him, her, they, this, that, these, anyone, everyone
Verb
A word that shows action or has the same meaning as the word “equal”
Runs, studies, talks, thinks, sleeps, is, are, was, will be
Adjective
A word that describes a noun or pronoun
Ten fingers     Her hat             
Little money       The tall man
Red wagon         Ally's dog
Tom is patient
Jane was sad
How many? How much?
Which one? What kind?
Whose?

3. Adverb BOYSFAN: coordinating conj. But, or, yet, so, for, and, nor
A word that describes a verb, adjective or adverb
Slowly moved
Study today
Went home
Very tired
How?  When?
Where? Why?
To what extent or degree?
Under what condition?
Conjunction
A word that connects or joins words, phrases or sentences
BOYSFAN: coordinating conj. But, or, yet, so, for, and, nor
Subordinating conjunctions: because, when, since, that
Preposition
A word that establishes a relationship between two words in the sentence
In, on, to, from, around, with, for, up, down:
the man in the red house
The preposition "in" relates the man to the house
Interjection
A word that shows emotion and has no grammatical relationship
Hey!
Wow!
Oh!
Well,

4. Prepositional Phrase Ex.
(1) preposition (2) any modifiers (3) its object
Ex.
Reach for the catnip ball (1) behind (2) the green (3) couch.
Bring the book to me.

5. Some commonly used prepositions are…In
For By
Through
From
Out
During
Before
After
Under
Around
Along
With
Before
But (meaning except)
Near

6. Punctuation Hint…
Use a comma after two or more introductory prepositional phrases.
By the light of the moon, we went on an old-fashioned hayride.

7. Appositives
Consists of a noun and its modifiers which stands beside another noun, renames it, and adds new information.
Ex.
My mother, the woman with the tan face, must have blinked as the shutter snapped.

8. Punctuation Hint…
The only time appositives are not set off by commas is if the noun is closely related to the noun it is modifying and is essential.
My brother Matt has the cutest son. [I have more than one brother]
Have you ever seen the movie Home Alone? [specifies the particular movie]

9. VERBALS A VERBAL used to be a verb.
Now it is a different part of speech.
There are three kinds of verbals:
Participles
Gerunds
Infinitives

10. Participles
(ADJECTIVES)

11. The sliding cat crashed into the cans.

12. What is a participle?
A participle is a form of a verb that functions as an adjective.
Ex. The cagey cat consumed a crumbling crumbcake.
Crumbling is the participle because it is a verb describing a noun—crumbcake.

13. Types of participles
There are two kinds of participles: present and past participles.
Present participles end in: ing
Ex. leaping, blazing, withering
Past participles end in: ed, -t, or –en
Ex. Pumped, burnt, broken

14. Huh? DON’T CONFUSE PARTICIPLES AND VERBS!
Participles AREN’T preceded by helping verbs.
Ex. The sputtering sedan wobbled down the boulevard. (participle)
The sedan was sputtering down the boulevard. (verb)

15. Participial Phrases
Participial phrases consist of a participle and its related words. The whole kit and caboodle acts as an adjective.
Ex. The girl, eating the chocolate buttery croissant, got a stomach ache.
The participial phrase (yellow) is describing the noun, girl. (underlined)

16. The girl, eating the chocolate buttery croissant, got a stomach ache.
My tummy hurts!

17. Punctuation Hint…
Introductory participial phrases must be followed by commas
Calling for a timeout, the referee blew her whistle.
Participial phrases that interrupt the sentence should also be separated by commas
Another member of the group, leaving the camp at night, was attacked by a bear.

18. Across
1. My sister, eating her breakfast, talked with her mouth full.
5. The running boy tripped and fell.
Down
2. The talking girl would not stop talking.
3. Flying cats ruled the ancient city.
4. Harry, the jumping bunny, jumped all the way home!
Quiz
Find the participles in the sentences and fill them in the correct blanks

19. ANSWERS
Across
1. My sister, eating her breakfast, talked with her mouth full.
5. The running boy tripped and fell.
Down
2. The talking girl would not stop talking.
3. Flying cats ruled the ancient city.
4. Harry, the jumping bunny, jumped all the way home!

20. Gerunds
(NOUNS)

21. Gerunds… say what?
A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and functions as a noun.
A Gerund can be used as a subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition because it functions as a noun.

22. Gerund as a Subject
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
traveling = subject
satisfy = predicate

23. Gerund as a Direct Object
GERUNDS are super! Without them, verbs couldn’t be nouns!
They appreciate my singing.
Singing is used as a direct object because it answers the question of the verb (what are they appreciating? Singing)

24. Gerunds as Subject Complements
My mom’s favorite activity is running.
Running is explaining the subject in this sentence (what activity? Running.)
Bonus Question: Is the sentence boxed above an example of a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective? Why?

25. Gerund as an Object of the Preposition
The police arrested him for speeding.
Speeding is the object of the preposition: for (for what? For speeding.)

26. Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus a modifier, object, and/or complement.
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
The entire phrase acts as the subject of the sentence.

27. QUIZ TIME. Aren’t you glad you were paying attention
QUIZ TIME! Aren’t you glad you were paying attention? (# 1 – 5; note the Gerunds)
Daniel started doing his homework at 12:30 PM.
He apologized for being late.
He insisted on speaking to the manager because there was a fly in his soup.
She made plans for going to Fiji.
Swimming was her favorite activity.

28. Answers Doing—object Being—object of preposition
Speaking—obj of preposition
Going—object of preposition
Swimming—subject
Life would be empty without Gerunds

29. Infinitives

30. How can you identify an infinitive?
What is an Infinitive?
“An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to, that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb”
In other words….
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as nouns
Example: To smile shows happiness.
**to smile is an infinitive because it acts as the subject of the sentence**
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adjectives
That is the book to read.
**to read is an infinitive because it uses a verb to modify or describe the object of the sentence**
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adverbs
He ran to win.
**to win is an infinitive because it modifies or describes a verb**
How can you identify an infinitive?

31. Infinitives Without The Word “To”
Occasionally…
Some infinitives are not proceeded by the word “to”
Example:
- Please let me help.
Help is the infinitive of the sentence because it modifies the object of the sentence.
(*Why is help an infinitive and not a verb? Let acts as the verb in the sentence, and therefore help is a verbal acting as a noun, making it the infinitive.)

32. Split Infinitives
Split Infinitives: Any time a word is placed in between the “to” and the verb of an infinitive.
Ex:
“To boldly go where no one has gone before.”
- Star Trek
Captain James Tiberius Kirk

33. Find the Infinitive To succeed requires determination.
Label your paper 1- 4 and write the infinitive of each sentence. Then, write if it is acting as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective.
To succeed requires determination.
Happiness is the way to go.
Students need to learn.
I want to see a Star Wars again.

34. To succeed- noun To go- adjective To learn- adverb To see- adverb
Answer Key
To succeed- noun
To go- adjective
To learn- adverb
To see- adverb

35. REVIEW to + a verb a verb ending with -ing as a noun as an adjective
Prepositional Phrases and Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
Phrase
Identifying Features
How it functions in a sentence
Gerund
a verb ending with  ing
as a noun
Participle
(participial phrase)
a verb word with an 
-ing, -ed, or -en
as an adjective
Infinitive
to + a verb
noun, adjective or adverb
Prepositional
begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun
adjective, adverb or noun
Return to the English 24 website.

36. Gerund PHRASE Participle (participial phrase) Infinitive Prepositional
Examples
Swimming at noon is fun.
I enjoy playing the guitar..
Opening the window brought fresh air into the stuffy room.
the written word
the spoken directions
a bleeding heart
To take notes during a lecture is important.
I prepared to study my notes.
in the box
on the table
around the room
for my instructor

37. Noun + a Participle One more... Absolute Phrase Ex.
Her whistle blasting repeatedly, the lifeguard cleared the pool.
(Notice that there is no grammatical relation to the sentence.)
resembles a clause—why?
Why is it NOT a clause?

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