1. Revolutionary Period (1750 – 1820)
Unit 5: History
Revolutionary Period (1750 – 1820)

2. Revolutionary Period
During Revolutionary Period, European influences declined.
The need to build a new country took priority.
Need to develop agriculture, shipping, and trade affected curriculum.
American Revolution (1776) brought independence and new educational system.

3. Benjamin Franklin’s Academy
Philadelphia School: private high school that replaced the Latin Grammar School.
Focused on English and not Latin.
Public schools where anyone who paid tuition could attend, regardless of religion.
Children studied a wide range of subjects.

4. Sarah Pierce’s Female Academy
Academies usually served male students only.
Sarah Pierce created the Litchfield Female Academy.
Began with 2 students and grew to 140 female students from every state.
School emphasized knowledge for everyday living, duties of the home.

5. Sarah Pierce’s Female Academy
Female Seminaries: Schools that prepared women for college and careers outside of the home.
Troy Seminary (1821) became one of the first women’s colleges in the country.

6. Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence.
Education of common people was best way to preserve liberty.
Education developed morals which contributes to a better country.
Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge would establish free elementary schools…for whites.
Failed! Did champion public schools.

7. Noah Webster Textbooks became popular after the Revolution.
Webster had two of the most popular books: Elementary Spelling Book and The American Dictionary.
Speller was a combined English and S.S. book.
Also taught morals and behaviors.

8. African and Native Americans
Philadelphia African School and Indian schools were founded by charitable organizations (Quakers).
1819: Federal funds were granted for development of reservation schools.
Unfortunately, very few attended.

9. Common Schools
First state-supported high school was the Boston English Classical School (1821). Renamed English H.S. in 1824.
Common Schools: Free state-supported schools that provided education for all students.
One of the biggest champions of common schools was Horace Mann.

10. Horace Mann
Championed common schools which led to our current elementary schools.
Along with Catherine Beecher, called for the training of teachers beyond high school.
Normal School: Schools that focused on preparation of teachers.
First normal school opened in Massachusetts in 1839.

11. Rev McGuffey’s Readers
Reverend William Holmes McGuffey created the McGuffey Readers.
They were a six volume set that ranged from 1st grade to 6th grade levels.
Different levels of book was different than Webster’s Speller.
Still had moral and behavioral lessons.

12. Justin Morrill’s Land Grant
Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862): Provided federal land for states to either sell or rent to raise money to establish colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts.
This act began the governments involvement in colleges.

13. Compulsory Education (1865 – 1920)
Unit 5: History
Compulsory Education (1865 – 1920)

14. Compulsory Education
Common schools began to spread after the Civil War.
Compulsory Education: Mandatory attendance of school.
School systems began to be organized by centralized control (state superintendent, administrators and teachers at local schools).

15. Kindergarten Kindergarten: “Garden where children grow”.
This stressed motor development and individual play before elementary schools.
First Kindergarten in Wisconsin in 1855 by Margarethe Schurz.

16. Freedmen’s Bureau
After Civil War, schools for former slaves were opened in the South by African Americans.
Freedmen’s Bureau: Government agency that provided assistance to former slaves after the Civil War.
Created schools for former slaves.
Ended in 1870 with 4,329 freedmen’s schools established.

17. Higher Education for AA
Booker T. Washington: Leader of the AA community from
Educator, civil rights activist, and advisor to presidents of the US.
Went to Hampton and helped found Tuskegee Institute.
Wrote book, Up From Slavery, his autobiography.

18. Higher Education for AA
Gave famous speech called the “Atlanta Compromise”.
Agreement that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while whites guaranteed basic education and due process in law.
Agreed that blacks would not ask for right to vote, tolerate segregation and racist behavior.
Believed in working for economic strength.

19. Higher Education for AA
W.E.B. DuBois: First AA to earn Ph.D. from Harvard.
Co-founded NAACP.
Opposed B.T. Washington and Atlanta Compromise.
Wanted full civil rights and political representation.
Protested against lynchings, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination.

20. Higher Education for AA
Wrote books, “The Souls of Black Folk” (contained essays on race and sociology) and “Black Reconstruction in America” (refuted the belief that blacks were responsible for the failures of Reconstruction Era.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 was based on many of the reforms that he called for during his life.
Passed a year after his death.