1. Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies
Faculty of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Road Accidents and Road Safety from Addis Ababa to Hawassa
Advisor: Dr.:Ing Daniel Kitaw
Co-Advisor:Mr. Gulelat Gatew
Prepared By: Kassu Jilcha
September 2009

2. Acknowledgement
Advisors, Dr. - Ing. Daniel Kitaw, Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department
Dr. Tafese G/Senbet
Co-Advisor Mr.Gulelat Gatew
Ato Abebe Asrat Ethiopian Transport Authority Safety Coordinator
East shewa Police office, Oromia police Commission, Addis Ababa Police Commission, Ethiopian Road authority, and regional police centers.
All my classmates

3. Out Lines of the Presentation
The Problems and Its Approaches
Review of Related Literature
Over View of the Study Site and the Traffic Intensity
Methodologies of Data Collections, Analysis and Interpretation
Preventive Strategies and Possible Counter Measures
Conclusion and Recommendations

4. 1.Introduction and Approaches
Traffic accidents are getting worst and worst all over the world as the population of the transportation vehicles and road users are increasing.
Here transportation of motor vehicles started in Ethiopia in 1901 E.C
Road transport has an important role in economic, social and cultural functioning of cities. But in many cities today it is also generating significant social and economic costs
Traffic accidents are the most sever injuries in many countries

5. Cont’d
High speeds, poor road conditions, general disregard by other motorists and pedestrians for right of ways, as well as uncontrolled livestock wandering into the roadway are contributing causes for motor vehicle accidents.
The traffic accident is very high in between the roads Addis Ababa to Modjo roads because the proximity of the roads to the capital, i.e. as the port of the country and the whole vehicles meeting to the same junction on Modjo district from different direction.

6. Introduction… cont’d
Ethiopia is the first in traffic accident rate fatality leading among the commonest traffic accident practicing countries in the world
problem of road network design for the roads, the vehicles failure, the speed of the drivers and other factors on the Oromia region aggravated to search the mechanisms those could crack the problem of the accidents of the roads traffic in the Oromia region.
So high assessments and possible methods to reduce the problem is being needed

7. 1.1 Statement of the Problem
Lack of road traffic accidents awareness causing many damages on life and properties by vehicles.
High rate of traffic accident degradation of the socio- economy of the country.
Death and injuries of life and properties.
Less attentions on the study site routes to bring down the ever growing road accidents.
Improper data management of the traffic police.
Lack of improper educated scholars on road traffic accidents concept who up rise the country from poverty through continuous assessment of human errors caused by traffic .

9. 1.2 Objectives
General objectives
It is to examine the extent and variations of road traffic accidents and to investigate the major causes contributing to road accidents on the study routes.

10. Specific Objectives
To identify the road traffic accident patterns that exists in Oromia zones and rural roads.
To assess social and economic costs which have been incurred due to road traffic accidents.
To examine the spatial and temporal variation of road traffic accidents.
To assess accident differences between different means of road transport.
To determine the major causes and contributing factors of road accidents with respect to drivers, pedestrians, vehicles and road environments.
To suggest some preventive strategies and counter measures that will contribute to reduce the problems of road accidents.

11. 1.3 Significance of the study
Even though the study is carried out for academic purposes and it is confined to a single route, it could be helpful to have a deeper knowledge about the complex problem of rural and urban road transport in general and accidents in particular.
The findings obtained from the study would be helpful to gain information and knowledge about the patterns of road accidents in the town and rural, which in turn could help to develop countermeasures that could reduce the number and severity of accidents.
It is important for the police for law enforcement and distribution of man power for surveillance (observation).

12. Cont’d
It is important to the government, Ethiopian Transport Authority and Ethiopian Road Authorities to determine the need for road improvements, vehicle inspections and to initiate programs for educational and propaganda purposes.
It also helps as a source of information for those institutions concerned with road safety management and helps to improve the quality of decision-making in urban and rural road transport safety planning.
Finally, it helps to carry out further research to refine the conceptual and methodology of the present study.

13. 1.4 Scope/Limitation Limitation
It takes part from Gelan(beneath Akaki) to Tukurwuha (at the Entrance of Hawassa).
Limitation
Shortage of time
Unavailability of data
Unwilling to respond in the interview
Some police offices being not open to give data easily

14. 1.5 Methodology Primary data by: Observation,
Field survey during the tour
Interviews of different people
Secondary data from:
written sources
Documentations of polices, ERA, ETA, etc

15. 2. Review of Related Literature
Traffic accident is “An accident that occurred on a way or street open to public traffic; resulted in one or more persons being killed or injured, and at least one moving vehicle was involved.
‘Multiple-vehicle traffic accident’ refers to a crash between two or more moving objects
Road traffic injuries are expected to take third place in the rank order of disease burden by the year 2020

16. Review… Cont’d
South Africa and Nigeria account 50% of all deaths in Africa.
Other countries also showing significant numbers of deaths include Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Ghana.
In the United States of America 60% of the fatalities account to car drivers, while in Ethiopia, 5% account to drivers.
In one crash number of people killed in Ethiopia is about 30 times higher than in the US.
For every 10,000 vehicles in Ethiopia, 180 people die in traffic-related accidents when compared to the United States were about 21 people die in traffic related accidents for every 100,000 vehicles

17. Other included in the review literature are:
Review … Cont’d
Other included in the review literature are:
Introduction to Transportation
Traffic Accidents
International Fatalities and Injuries
African Road Accidents and Fatalities
Estimating Road Deaths in Africa
African Accident profile
Patterns of Urban Growth and Road Traffic Development
Ethiopian Road Accidents and Injuries
Major Factors for the Roads Traffic accidents
Identification of Risk Factors and Interventions

18. 2.1 State of the art
The developed countries traffic accident state is minimizing its initial phase of high death rate of the pedestrians and passengers as the technological innovation and development getting higher and higher. The developed countries such as Japan, USA, Australia, Korea, German, etc are controlling the speed of drivers using radar meters, the roads infrastructure facilities fulfillment, the vehicles’ maintenances and checking up, providing shorter, safer routes, trip reduction measures, encouraging use of safer modes of travel, minimizing exposure to high-risk scenarios restricting access to different parts of the road network, giving priority in the road network to higher occupancy vehicles, etc has established.
When we come to developing country and Ethiopia situation the traffic accident is very high and it sets us the first from the world. The vehicles owned is 3% of the world’s vehicles but the accidents these caused is 4 times the number of the vehicles.

19. 2.2 Some differences Among the Previous and This Thesis
For instance, “Road Traffic Accident in Addis Ababa and the Solution to Mitigate” by Getachew Ephrem in Addis Ababa city, “Analysis of Traffic Accident in Addis Ababa: Traffic Simulation” by Fanueal Samson
This thesis concentrates its maximum effort on drivers as most of the problem lies on the drivers side
This makes shortening the route of the vehicle travel distance by specifying the vehicle types

20. Cont’d
The objectives and target groups, the roads location, awareness of the people varies in these routes accordingly
The media propaganda and the rule to be set on driver’s license make it different from previous.
The traffic intensity and the extent of the road traffic accidents situation in the moment make it vary from the previous time
The strategies and recommendation are different in their contents, etc

21. 3. Over View of the Study site and Traffic Intensity
The categories of the roads study
Shashamene
Gelan
Bishoftu/
Debreziet
Dukem
Modjo
Zuway
Meki
Tukurwuha
Addis Ababa
Hawassa
Head/Beginning
Foot/End

22. Map Showing the Study Site

23. Categories of the study site
Gelan to Bishoftu Roads
Bishoftu to Mojdo Roads
Modjo to Arsinegele Roads
Arsinegele to Tukur Wuha Roads

24. Representative route profiles
New Bus Station (D.Zeit) and Tede and Jego Gidada (Lome) B A
To Nazar eth
Acacia tree
Gorge
To mojo ketema
Net
7.20 m

25. Malima Beri (Bora) Gorge made by flood TO A.A Obstacle (Dense forest)
Big obstacle (Elevated Hill & vegetation 7m
Gorge made by flood
TO A.A
Com. (obstacle)
Flow dirc.
Commercial
To addis ketema
TO A.A
To bekeli
Too gorge
.Bridge width 8m
.Road w=14m

26. Main causes of the accidents on this routes
commercial centers surrounding,
bridge presence,
school on the road side,
over speeding,
urban center conjunctions,
cross junction,
congestion of traffic flow,
sharp curve,
zigzag,
absence of ring path for carts,
absence of animals and pedestrians separate roads,
long , unseen nature of the road from the side of A.A,
existing sign and signal need replacements,
presence of junctions on the inlet of the bridge, etc are some common factors for traffic accidents occurrence.

27. 4. Data Analysis and Interpretation
Primary and Secondary Data Analysis
The data primarily obtained was through continues assessment of the field study. On the investigation the drivers condition, the roads status, the environmental condition, the vehicles condition, the police traffic cooperativeness and other important things which were visualized easily
Secondary data were employed mostly from the traffic police centers of each respective sub town’s statistical departments, the Ethiopian road Authority, and the Transport Authority and other books, journals like reporters, Addis zemen news paper, etc.

28. 4.1 The Interview Question Responses

29. 4.2 Qualitative Data were obtained from interview of 554 respondents.
Qualitative data from observation of the:
study site problems,
The vehicle drivers and the speed they drive with
The types of the roads
The environmental condition
The pedestrians activity
Passengers in the vehicles
The residential peoples of the area, etc

30. Improper Management of Traffic Police Information
The police in the Oromia region do not have data retrieval system and management system when the study is necessary it needs strong effort to get data and information. Ex data collection and organization, data handling system non-computerized, time of office un respected, carelessness for the file documentation, etc are some of the problems in the regional police offices when compared with Addis Ababa police commission

31. 4.3 Quantitative Analysis
Qualitative data analysis classification is based up on the following categories and summery of the finding obtained fro it.
Based on the Time categories
Based on drivers categories
Based on vehicle problems
Based on road network design
Based on the Environmental conditions
Based on the life and properties damaged

32. Fish Bone Diagram Accidents main causes Pedestrian Drivers Drinking
Speed
Over taking
Crossing out of rule
disobey traffic rule
Road net work
Environmental condition
Hot
Windy
Rainy
Cloudy & Smokey
Narrow
Hilly
Dusty & Muddy
Gravel

33. 1.Traffic Accidents Classification Based on Time
Daily traffic Accident situation

34. Daily Traffic Accidents
On working day 81% accident occurred
On Week ends 29% accidents faced
The day in which maximum accident rate occur is on Tuesday, Saturday and Thursday 17.7%,15% and 14.7% respectively total 48.4%. This happens due to the working hours and marketing days.

35. Hourly accidents commitments
Cont’d

36. Traffic Accidents Hourly
Traffic accident occur during the day time is more than 70% .
The peak hours of the day have maximum traffic accident contribution than others. The accidents rate measured in the day time of 2:00-4:00, 6:00- 8:00, and 9:00-12:00 and during night time 1:00-3:00 hours contributes in total percentage share of 76%

37. Vehicle failure and asphalt for carts & cars

38. 2.The Traffic Accidents Based Upon the Drivers Situations
From the main causes of the roads traffic the drivers take place the first place. Some of the factors for the drivers’ accident commitments are the following.
Driving beyond speed limit
Denial of passengers priority
Loading beyond capacity
Loading people on material carrier trucks
Negligence problem
Carelessness where there are animals and people in density
Rejecting traffic signs and regulations
Lack of driving or behavioral problem

39. Age of Drivers Vs Numbers of the Accidents
From the pie chart we can conclude that years old contributes an accident of 36% of the injuries

40. The Driver’s Genders Vs Accidents Committed

41. Educational Back Grounds of the Drivers50
100
150
200
250
Illiterate
Basic
education
1st cycle
level
2nd junior
2ndry high
school
Above 2nd
high school
unknown
Educational status
Accidents committed
1997
1998
1999
2000

42. The Drivers and Vehicles Relationship Vs the Accidents Committed
The owner of the vehicle %
Employee %
Others %
Unknown %

43. The Drivers Experience and the Related Accidents

44. Drivers License Level ^ Accidents

45. 3.Vehicles Failures and Accident Characteristics
The Life Service of Vehicles and the Accidents

46. Types of Vehicles Vs Numbers of Accident
Most of the accident committed by heavy load carrier and by the minibuses.
Heavy load of capacity quintals (Isuzu) .The percentage of the accidents had been committed in the data analysis was 15% and
Secondly heavy load trucks of capacity quintals resulted in an accident of 13.27%
Thirdly the station wagons caused an accident of 9% These show us that most of the accidents are committed by these three major types of the vehicles.
The others are the heavy load truck with the trailer, people transportation of sit 13-45, people transportation of sit over 46,

47. The Failures of the Vehicles and the Accidents

48. 4.Type of Roads Network and Environmental Conditions
Types of the Roads and Accidents
47% of the accident occurs on roads joining rural roads which is the Highest .

49. Most Common Areas Those Receive Road Accidents

50. The Roads Design Branching and Accidents
Highest accident occur on one way directional and two way directional roads

51. The Position (Direction) of the Roads and Numbers of Accidents
The maximum accident occur on the straight-plain and straight with slightly sloped roads

52. The Roads Junctions and Accidents
44.98% of accident occur on no joining/junction

53. The Types of Road’s Layer and Accidents Conditions
45% of accidents occur on the asphalt.
65% of the accident on asphalt and gorge asphalt

54. The Road’s Environmental Conditions and Committed Accidents
55.90% of the accident occurred on dry environmental condition.

55. Types of the Accidents Committed by the Vehicles
Face to face, face to back, turning over, collision of pedestrians are most of the common road accidents

56. The Light Condition and the Committed Accidents
76% of the road accident notice in good light situation

57. 5. Condition of Accidents on Life
Activity of Pedestrians and Accidents
Farmers and students are receiving the highest road accidents on this routes

58. The Condition of the Weather and Its Impact for the Occurrence of accidents
39% of accident occur on dust and cloudy environment

59. Vehicles Motion and Number of Accidents

60. The Pedestrian’s Health Conditions and Accidents

61. Motion of the Pedestrians and Severity of Accidents They Receive

62. 6. Animals injury status

63. Animals exposed to Vehicle accidents on Bulbula

64. 7. Categories of People Injured
People who injured
% share
Vehicle drivers
11.10%
Pedestrians
35.25%
Passengers
53.66%
Total % share
100.00%
Pedestrians and passengers are more exposure to risk sharing 89% of the accidents. 54% of the accident lay its arm on Passengers

66. 8. Lack of Road Traffic Accident Management System
Lack of strong Punishment for accident committed
Poor Data handling System
Lack of Educational status
Poor Environment management

67. Over loaded people on ISUZU

68. 9.Cost of the Traffic Accidents of the Property Damages
The cost of the property damage E.C was 259,255,452 ETB and the cost over the four years in table below shown is 12,114,850 ETB
Severity and injuries
Death %
Serious injuries %
Slight injuries %
Property damage %

69. 10.Summery of the Findings
The highest traffic intensity and Accidents location: Akaki - Modjo
The traffic accident occurs during the day time is more than 70%
36% accidents were caused by age group of years.
Male drivers cause accident of 99.17%
Type of vehicles
Heavy load truck capacity of quintal like ISUZU,
Heavy load truck capacity of Quintal,
pick up capacity of 10 Quintals
heavy load truck with trailers,
people transportation capacity 12 sit and sits contribute a percentage of all the accidents share 70.45% of the total accidents
Station wagons,

70. Cont’d
Pedestrians and passengers are more exposure to risk sharing 89% of the accidents.
54% of the accident lay its arm on Passengers
Highest accident occurs on roads joining rural 47%
58% of the accidents occurred on straight –plain and straight-slightly sloped roads
65% of the accident registered on asphalted roads
40% of the accidents occur on day light
55.90% of the total accident was occurring on the roads on dry conditions

71. Cont’d On good whether condition the accident reached 38%
pedestrians injured when they attempt to cross where there is no pedestrian crossing zebra
Driving drinking alcoholic drinks, chewing chat, taking other drugs are the most common
sight obstacles, traffic signals absence, land slope, plants around the roads obscuring the sight, absence of separated paths for each part which involve in the roads usage, etc the most common factors to cause accidents.

72. Cont’d Accident arose due to: Problems of drivers 55%
Problems of pedestrians %
Problems of Vehicles %
Road problems %
Others %
Cost of the damage
Since 1997 to 200E.C 12,114,850 ETB
Since E.c 259,255,452 ETB

73. 11.Main Factors Contributing Accident
Drivers
drinking, chewing, speeding at high speed, trying to take over other vehicle, tired, weak, sleeping, improper acceleration, neglecting the rule of priority, trying to overtake at hill, violating traffic police order, mobile phone while driving.
The problems of vehicles
losing of brake, the tire detachment, the internal failure of the vehicle, etc.
The roads problems
gorge area, the hilly, the gravel, the muddy, the slippery, crack roads, bad bridges, etc.

74. Types of the Vehicles Common to Accidents Occurrence
Heavy load truck capacity of quintal like ISUZU,
Heavy load truck capacity of Quintal,
pick up capacity of 10 Quintals,
Station wagons,
heavy load truck with trailers,
people transportation Buses capacity of 12 sit and sits contribute a percentage of all the accidents share 70.45%.

75. Common Vehicle for Accidents Occurrence

76. 5.1 Preventive Strategies and possible Counter Measures
5.2 Road Traffic Safety Managements .
Its aims are:
finds traffic accident’s rule,
adopts the traffic legislate,
makes regulation of the traffic safety management and
implements the controls of the traffic by studying on traffic accidents on road, in order to prevent the accidents and reduce the number of the death and property loss.

77. Traffic Safety Mechanism of Traffic Safety Policy of the Traffic
Administration
Management
Technical
Facilities
Mechanism of Traffic Safety
Policy of the Traffic
Duty of the Traffic Safety
Information System of the Traffic Safety
Analyses of the Traffic
Person Management
Vehicle Management
Road Management
Application of the Advanced Electronic
Traffic Safety Pre-warning System
Road Safety Facilities Management
Vehicle Safety Facilities
Driver, Pedestrian and Disabled Person
Training Facilities of Traffic Safety Management

78. 5.3 Long term strategies
This strategy is the method of planning to reduce the accidents severity by studying the target areas and implementing reducing mechanisms proposed by the study gradually over a longer period of time in the future.
The most suggested strategies are the following

79. Managing Exposure to Risk
It is the management of exposure by using transport and land-use policies
Reduce the Occurrence of Crashes
Provide an environment conducive to safety.
Design or improve roads
Improve the visibility of roads, road signs, vehicles, and road users.
Good lighting, highly visible colors and reflective surfaces on signs as well as highly visible clothing and reflectors on pedestrians and cyclists also improve visibility.

80. Pass and enforce laws that set maximum blood alcohol content levels for drivers. This can reduce the occurrence of crashes that result in death by as much as 40%.
Control speed with traffic calming road design such as roundabouts and enforce speed limits consistently, using devices such as speed cameras. As a car’s speed increases from 50km/h to 80km/h, it becomes eight times more likely to become involved in a crash that kills a pedestrian. Decreasing speed by 1 % can reduce the occurrence of crashes by 2% to 3%. Traffic calming measures are very effective at reducing the incidence of road crashes in urban areas.
Implement a graduated driver licensing system whereby novice (beginners) drivers are restricted initially to driving while accompanied by an experienced driver, then to driving unaccompanied only during daylight hours, then to driving with a limited numbers of passengers, and so on, until they are fully experienced and competent.

81. Strengthened Control of Risky Driving Behaviors
Drunk driving,
Driving without license,
Speeding,
Violation of traffic signals
Driving with out use of seat belt, etc
Need strong attention by the government authorities to reduce the severity of accidents.

82. Financial Reward System for Traffic Violation Evidence
Financial reward for all the road users and any body who is near to the vehicle drivers and make mistake is very important motivation to submit documents he/she gathered.
Example: In April 2001, the government of Korea introduced a reward system for citizens reporting traffic violations and reduced accident occurrence from to 7000 per day and the drivers also accepted the rule.

83. Introducing Traffic Safety Education to School System
Safety Education is a life-centered education and that aspect of general education which should be provided at the secondary and tertiary levels of education to help students and other individuals learn to use motor vehicles safely and efficiently. Driver and traffic safety education should be offered at the primary and secondary school levels in Ethiopian schools. Education can include the following parties.

84. Cont.d Education for the pedestrians Education for the Police
Children Training and Education
Farmer Training and Education
Drivers’ education and Training
Education to merchants
For Ethiopian drivers it is better to stamp traffic symbols or signals in their own language such as Oromic, Amharic, Tgrigna, etc to get the message it translate easily, then reduce speed where ever it is necessary.

85. The following factors are the main areas to be considered to control the drivers behaviors
Age of the drivers
Experience of the drivers
Drivers’ license level
The genders of the drivers
Driver Fatigue
Drug User
Mobile phone influence

86. Constructing Alternative Routes for Vehicle Types: Construct routes which are alternative when the traffic is high and types of trucks are different. It helps to organize the vehicle into types and make traffic police to manage vehicles easily.
Putting a Break in the Middle of the Roads : Putting a break in the middle of a road at some recommended distance to reduce the high speed of vehicle is better strategy for solving the traffic accidents in Ethiopia. Ex Meshualekia railroad halt speed of vehicles

87. Safety-Awareness in Planning Road Networks: Classifying the road network according to their primary road functions; Setting appropriate speed limits according to those road functions; and Improving road layout and design to encourage better use
Ethiopia should take an experience of Dutch policy of sustainable safety to divide roads into one of the three types according to their function, and then sets speed limits accordingly. These are
Residential access roads
Distributor roads
Flow roads

88. Cont.d
Classifying roads functionally – in the form of a “road hierarchy”, as it is known in highway engineering – is important for providing safer routes and safer designs. Such a classification takes account of land use, location of crash sites, vehicle and pedestrian flows, and objectives such as speed control.
Trains Encouragements: Motorized train should be introduced to this route to reduce the congestion of vehicles and reduce road accidents as it has highest capacity of carrying load

89. 5.4. Short- Term Strategies
Providing Shorter and Safer Routes and Trip Reduction Measures : Limiting the travel distance of the vehicles especially of ISUZU and Minibus Shorter and safer routes play a big role in minimizing speed of drivers. In an efficient road network, exposure to crash risk can be minimized by ensuring that trips are short and routes direct, and that the quickest routes are also the safest routes.
It has been estimated from studies in high-income Countries that, under certain conditions, for each 1% reduction in motor vehicle distance traveled, there is a corresponding 1.4–1.8% reduction in the incidence of crashes

90. Minimizing Exposure to High-Risk Restricting Access to Road Network
Preventing pedestrians, cart drivers and cyclists from accessing motorways and preventing motor vehicles from entering pedestrian zones are well-established measures for minimizing contact between high-speed traffic and unprotected road users.
Giving Priority in the Road network to Higher Occupancy Vehicles
Giving vehicles with many occupants priority in traffic over those with few occupants is a means of reducing the overall distance traveled by private motorized transport – and hence of cutting down on exposure to risk.

91. Knowing Safer Modes of Transportation
Encouraging Use of Safer Modes of travel
Whether measured by the time spent traveling or by the number of trips, travel by bus and train is many times safer than any other mode of road travel. Therefore awareness has to be created to peoples on safer mode of transport
Using Speed reduction techniques: Speed Bumps Method: a Low-Cost Road Safety Intervention (Ghana Case) Speed bumps produce discomfort when vehicles pass over them at higher speeds.

92. Cont’d
Speed control bumps and humps have now become increasingly common on Ghanaian roads, particularly in built-up areas where excessive vehicle speeds threaten other road users. A wide range of materials – including vulcanized rubber, hot thermoplastic materials, bituminous mixes, concrete and bricks – have been used in the construction of the speed control areas. It is low cost to practice in shorter period of time.

93. Cont’d
Traffic Calming Measures: Speed management and traffic-calming include techniques such as discouraging traffic from entering certain areas and installing physical speed-reducing measures, such as roundabouts, road narrowing, chicanes and road humps reduce accident occurence
Using Speed measuring Tools:
Electronic timing apparatus
Radar speed meter and optical instruments
Expansion of Monitoring Camera System
Time lapse photography, video and pen recorders helps in controlling accident severity

94. The following rule should be put to restrict speed of the vehicles.
A speed limit sign (30 km/hr) should be placed where town begins, before meters.
Speedometer should be checked either it is working properly or not
Radar should be used on the ways by highly educated police traffic to control the drivers speed and identifying the speedy drivers to give a piece of advice, punishment as necessary as necessary.
Training should be given to the drivers regarding the speed of the vehicles

95. Road side parking should be prohibited and provide off-road packing for heavy trucks.
Zebra crossings for pedestrian should be marked in meters interval.
1-2 sets of rumble stripes should be furnished before zebra crossing.
Strict traffic police enforcements should be required during day light time because more than 64.93% of the recorded accidents occurred during this period. Special attention should be given on Wednesday and Saturday in controlling traffic.
For problem of lane discipline, improper overtaking and the like, re-painting of the road should be given much attention.

96. Government Involvements
Law Enforcement on Road Traffic Conditions
Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits
Speed enforcement on rural roads
Use of Speed cameras
Setting and Enforcing Alcohol Impairment Laws
Blood alcohol concentration limits
Blood alcohol concentration limits for the general driving population
Lower blood alcohol concentration limits for young or inexperienced drivers
Discouraging excess alcohol offenders
Penalties for excess alcohol offenders/ hurting some bodies’ feeling
Setting and Enforcing Seat-Belt

97. Insurance and Medical Enforcement by Government
The insurance companies has to give the necessary treatment finance before the life passed by or property damage bring economic failure.
Environmental Condition Control:
Lightening condition
Muddy, dusty and wet roads
Traffic Management and Control: Managing the demand management and junction types of the roads are very basic for the road users especially of vehicle drivers.

98. Maintain Roads & construct pedestrian and vehicle roads separately
Controlling accident
Maintain Roads & construct pedestrian and vehicle roads separately
Create awareness on road users
Check vehicle status
Pedestrians
Educate
Limit age
Education & set training
Base experience
Control license
Drivers
Set Penalty rule
Limit speed
Minimize Accident rate
Control Drivers
Create Awareness
Passengers

99. 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In conclusion and in general as the above analysis and interpretation showed in the Oromia routes, in Ethiopia road transportation accidents are not mitigated at once and for all. It needs a continues assessment from time to time by any other researchers as the transportation system phase and the cities master plans improved from time to time.

100. The roads traffic accidents are getting worst and worst all over the worlds. The traffic accident on the way from Gelan to Tukurwuha varies according to different factors such as the driver’s condition, the environmental conditions and the vehicles situation.
The roads are some what straight compared to the other roads of the countries but the accidents on these roads are causing life death almost more than 32.48%, 18.46% serious injuries, 13.48% slight injuries and 35.58% property damages were incurred cost of 12,114,850 ETB birr on these the routes.
Cattle death is 68% and 32% wound. On the same time 11.10% injury is on drivers, 35.25% on pedestrians, and 53.66% on passengers that the percentage of the pedestrian and the passengers rated on these roads was 89% that indicating the death of the human is mostly put its arm over the pass angers and pedestrians.
The routes are getting worst and worst unless the controlling mechanisms on the routes get stronger and stronger. Most injuries registered by drivers. The drivers problem 55%, pedestrian problem 35%, vehicle problem 5%, roads problem 1% and others 4%.

101. The data gathering system and handling is not computerized and some cannot get them easily for proper study of the traffic accidents.
The rural areas are getting the accidents higher and higher in these roads than the town areas as the study showed 47% of the accidents took place on these routes
The types of vehicle which are causing accidents are Station Wagons, the pick up trucks, heavy load trucks such as quintal load carriers (ISUZU), heavy trucks of load carriers of quintals, transportation bus of sit types of vehicles are the most common on these roads to cause accidents.

102. The other big problem is the drivers speed and which is over the limit of the restricted minimal speed. The speed by which minibus speed up for instance is up to 130Km/h as it was noticed during the survey time. The recommended speed limit is from 50Km/h- 90Km/h.
The result indicated that the main causes of the accidents at the black spot areas were unavailability of proper pedestrian facilities, pedestrian traffic volume, drivers’ fatigue, lack of awareness of traffic rules and regulation and violation of speed limit in accordance to the pilot study by the National Road Safety Coordination Office.

103. In general for our country traffic accident causes are the following.
Lack of employers to give the method how to passé accident preventing
Loading people on material loaders car
Loading over the capacity in people transportation bus
Traffic police and material limitation
Lack of modern data or information gathering system
Roads design and construction lack of safety consideration
Lack of traffic signal distribution and care for them
Lack of awareness of the community to control traffic accidents
Passengers lack on traffic accidents and way of using road
Police traffic awareness on following up the accident condition after happened than before it had happened

104. 6.2 Recommendation
In general, the following recommendation should be well thought-out.
prohibition of on road side parking
introduction of high speed train
shorter possible routes usage to traffic channalization
increasing the roads number by classifying into heavy loads truck way and small vehicle ways
set educational training for the people in school level about traffic accident to create to all levels awareness’

105. Cont’d furnish appropriate sign and marking
strict traffic police enforcement and speed control to use radar meter
road user information and campaign
providing pedestrian side walk
limiting driving time for professional drivers and
use of computerized data management for future research

106. Future Research Areas
The efficiency of traffic police management system and educational background
The data management system and most important mode of transportation that could reduce traffic intensity
Road network design and alternative routes for the flow of road users
The vehicles type existing in the home country and the newly once coming to the country
Study should be made on each specific areas of the Gelan to Tukurwuha

107. Traffic accident is not a journey of once
but a continues Process to Minimize.

108. Thank you all