1. Chapter 8 Joints

2. Joints (a.k.a. articulations)
= the junctions between bones
Functions
- hold bones together
- allow for mobility

3. How Joints are Classified
I. Functional Classification
1. Synarthrotic – immovable
2. Amphiarthrotic – slightly moveable
3. Diarthrotic – freely moveable

4. *II. Structural Classification
Overview
1. Fibrous Joints—held together by fibrous connective tissue
2. Cartilaginous Joints—held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
3. Synovial Joints—allow for free movement

5. 1. Fibrous Joints bones are very close to each other synarthrotic e.g.
suture
syndesmosis
allows more movement
e.g. distal end of tibia & fibula

6. 2. Cartilaginous Joints bones connected by cartilage
amphiarthrotic (limited movement)
e.g.
pubic symphysis
intervertebral joints

8. a herniated disk protrudes into the spinal cord during flexion of the lumbar region

9. 3. Synovial Joints includes most of the joints in the body
diathrotic (greatest degree of movement )

11. Parts of a synovial joint:
1) articular cartilage made of hyaline cartilage, covers the ends of bones
2) joint (articular) capsule encloses the joint; made of dense fibrous connective tissue
3) synovial cavity a synovial membrane surrounds the synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid

13. 4) meniscus– a fibrocartilage disc; cushions and helps bones fit together in the joint; helps to stabilize the joint

15. 5) bursa – flattened fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

17. 6. ligaments-tough band of connective tissue that reinforces the joint; connects bone to bone
Double-jointedness results from extra
stretchy ligaments and joint capsules.

19. Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage
Articular (joint capsule)
Synovial cavity & fluid
Menisci
Bursae

20. The Knee Largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body.
Primarily a hinge joint, but when the knee is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding.

22. The lateral and medial condyles of the femur articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia.

23. The fibular collateral ligament and tibial collateral ligament prevent excessive rotation

24. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Prevents forward sliding of the tibia and hyperextension of the knee.
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur.