1. Approaches / Perspectives
NRM
Approaches / Perspectives

2. Strands in Environmentalism
Taking the conservationist approach forward

3. Deep Ecology
Deep ecology is an environmental movement initiated by a Norwegian philosopher, Arnie Naess, in 1972.
Idea of a radical change in humanity's relationship to nature, but he coined the term "deep ecology" and helped to give it a theoretical foundation.
Deep ecology portrays itself as "deep" because it asks deeper questions about the place of human life, who we are?

4. Deep Ecology contd… Deep ecology is founded on two basic principles:
one is a scientific insight into the interrelatedness of all systems of life on Earth, together with the idea that anthropocentrism - human-centeredness - is a misguided way of seeing things.
Deep ecologists say that an eco-centric attitude is more consistent with the truth about the nature of life on Earth.
Instead of regarding humans as something completely unique or chosen by God, they see us as integral threads in the fabric of life. They believe we need to develop a less dominating and aggressive posture towards the Earth if we and the planet are to survive.

5. Deep Ecology contd…
The second component of deep ecology is what Arnie Naess calls the need for human self-realization.
Instead of identifying with our egos or our immediate families, we would learn to identify with trees and animals and plants, indeed the whole ecosphere.
This would involve a pretty radical change of consciousness, but it would make our behavior more consistent with what science tells us is necessary for the well-being of life on Earth. We just wouldn't do certain things that damage the planet, just as you wouldn't cut off your own finger.

6. Right Based Approaches-Social Ecology
Idea that the problem of the environmental crisis is directly linked to authoritarianism and hierarchy.
Expressed both socially and environmentally.
Social ecologists say we need to change our social structure, and that the elimination of authoritarianism and hierarchy in human society will end the environmental crisis.
Eg: Problems of over harvesting / shifting cultivation by tribals

7. Eco Feminism- Gender Based Approach
They say the real problem isn't anthropocentrism but andro-centrism - man-centeredness.
10,000 years of patriarchy is ultimately responsible for the destruction of the biosphere and the development of authoritarian practices, both socially and environmentally.

8. Eco-Feminism v/s deep ecology…
Deep ecologists concede that patriarchy has been responsible for a lot of violence against women and nature.
But while they oppose the oppression of women and promote egalitarian social relations, deep ecologists also warn that getting rid of patriarchy would not necessarily cure the problem, because you can imagine a society with fairly egalitarian social relationships where nature is still used instrumentally.

9. Livelihoods approach

10. The Vulnerability Context in the approach
The external environment in which people exist
Shocks - illness, disaster, economic, conflict, crop / livestock pests & diseases
Stresses – long term trends that undermine livelihood potential: population, declining natural resource base, climate change, inflation, currency devaluation, structural unemployment, poor governance, etc
Seasonality- prices, production, health, employment

11. Understanding vulnerability
Chambers observes that vulnerability has two sides
An external side of risks, shocks and stress
An internal side of defencelessness due to lack of means to cope with damaging loss
The ‘Capacity Development’ advocated by Amartya Sen also builds on this aspect.

12. The five capitals
Human capital - skills, knowledge & info., ability to work, health
Natural capital - land, water, wildlife, biodiversity, environment
Financial capital - savings, credit, remittances, pensions
Physical capital - transport, shelter, water, energy, commons
Social capital - networks, groups, trust, access to institutions
Some of the frameworks have added Institutional Capital as a separate category

13. Livelihood Outcomes What are people seeking to achieve?
More sustainable use of the NR base
More income
Increased well-being
Protect rights
Recover dignity
Reduced vulnerability
Improved food security

14. Expanding the asset base
Human Capital
Natural Capital
Social Capital
Enhancing the
sustainability
of these assets
Physical Capital
Financial Capital

15. People’s access to livelihood assets mediated by policies and institutions
Structures:
organisations, levels of government, private sector behaviour
Processes:
Policies, laws, institutional
‘Rules of the game’, incentives

16. Sustainable Livelihoods Framework

17. Need to make micro-macro linkages
Example –release of water (intervals) in the canal linked to access to livelihood options and strategies.
silence around relations of power

18. Thank you