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Richard E. Caplan The University of Akron
Movies MediaLink Richard E. Caplan The University of Akron
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Persistence of Vision Peter Mark Roget
Author of the Roget’s Thesaurus When we blink, we do not notice that our eyes are closed We retain the illusion of continued sight Basis for how moving pictures and television produce moving images
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Photography Camera Obscura Daguerreotype George Eastman
Leonardo de Vinci pinhole camera Daguerreotype Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre George Eastman dry plate formula the KODAK a one use camera made photographs on roles of sensitized paper developed transparent fixable celluloid roll film
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Before the Movies Magic Lantern Phenakiaticope Zootrope
pictures painted on glass sides projected on a screen as early as 1646 Phenakiaticope Joseph-Antoine Plateau drawings on a spinning disk 1832 Zootrope William George Horner drawings inside a revolving drum looking into the spinning drum through a slit gave the illusion of movement 1833
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Marey and Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion Studies
ex California governor Leland Stanford $25,000 bet do all four hooves of a horse level the ground simultaneously 12 cameras along a race track cameras trigged by the horse breaking the string attached to the camera shutter took individual still pictures Stanford won the bet 1878 Jules Marey built a photographic gun camera 12 individual still photographs combined flexible film camera that took sequential photographs 1882
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Edison Influenced by the work of Marey and Muybridge
Assigns assistant to work on the problem William Kennedy Laurie Dickson first attempt was to record photographs on a cylinder of a phonograph not successful Used Eastman’s film about 35 millimeters in width No film earlier than 1890 exists “Fred Ott’s Sneeze” photographed in 1891 1984 copyright
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The Machine Kinetoscope Kinetograph Black Maria Peepshow viewer
film was in a continuous loop run over rollers Kinetograph camera patented 1891 Black Maria first film studio tarpaper shed the roof opened to sky to provide enough light for photography the building turned on tracks to face the sun
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Nickelodeon Edison's interest was selling Kinetoscope machines
did not pursue projection as this would reduce the number of machines sold phonograph was already a popular arcade attraction Attraction added to the penny arcade A nickel extra to view the Kinetoscopes in the rear of the penny arcade hence the name Nickelodeon First Kinetoscope parlor April 14, 1894 New York By 1900 there were 600 Nickelodeons in New York
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Lumière Brothers August Lumière and Louis Lumière
French Photographers Invented the Cinematographe camera and projector portable hand cranked First motion picture show Grand Café in Paris December 28, 1895 “Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory” and other short films date the movie industry uses as its birth Lumières took their camera on location Edison’s first movies were staged in front of this camera
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Projector in the USA Woodville Latham Vitascope
a loop of film was added just before and after the film gate reduced the tension on the film due to the starting and stopping of the film as it passed through called the Latham loop Vitascope Edison and Thomas Armat Also used film loops first public showing Koster and Bial’s theater in New York April, 1896
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Georges Méliès French magician and showman
Made items on screen disappear stop cranking the camera remove an item and start cranking the camera A Trip to the Moon based on the Jules Verne novel Series of scenes edited together rather then one scene Used elaborate costumes and sets
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Edwin S. Porter Started as a projectionist
Billed himself as Thomas Edison Jr. Went to work for Edison as a camera operator The Great Train Robbery Strong narrative 12 different scenes in different locations editing approached a cross cutting structure
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D.W. Griffith Major step forward in film technique
“Birth of a Nation” 1915 racist view of the reconstruction era Ku Klux Klan as a hero used by the Klan as a recruiting tool Major step forward in film technique used cross cutting Presented the movie as a major performance accompanied by a full orchestra The movie reflected the racist views held by much of America at the time
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Major Silent Studios First National Famous Players-Laskey Metro Loew’s
Fox Paramount
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Coming of Sound Vitaphone Optical system Bell Labs -1925
The Jazz Singer 1927 Sound on disk a 78 RPM record disks played from the center to the outer edge two interlocked machines projector and phonograph Optical system Lee De Forest Phonofilm other systems sound recorded optically on the film with the picture
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Block Booking Sign up a theater to take a package of films
Initiated by Adoloph Zukor- Paramount only a few of the films had stars that would pull an audience United States vs. Paramount Pictures limited blocks to five films stopped blind booking renting films without letting exhibitor see them
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Independent Studio United Artists Mary Pickford Charlie Chaplin
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Charlie Chaplin The Gold Rush Douglas Fairbanks The Three Musketeers D. W. Griffith Birth of a Nation
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Call for Self-Regulation
Hollywood scandals Fatty Arbuckle case death of model Virginia Rappe after attending a party given by Arbuckle Arbuckle charged with manslaughter he was aquatinted after three trials murder of director Desmond Taylor Sexual innuendo in movies Male and Female Directed by C. B. DeMille Gloria Swanson taking a bath in a lavish sunken bathtub Catholic Legion of Decency called for a boycott of movies
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The Hays Office Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA) called the Hays office Will Hays Chairman of the Republican National Committee Presbyterian Church elder deflect criticism of conservative groups Production code audience sympathies should not be with crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin
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Studio Era Five major studios Vertical integration MGM/Loew’s Theaters
20th Century Fox Warner Brothers Paramount RKO Vertical integration theaters, distribution, and movie production
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American Movies Matured
It Happened One Night- 1934 screwball comedy The Wizard of Oz musical Gone with the Wind Citizen Kane Orson Welles voted the greatest film of all time
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McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy
Republican, Wisconsin House un-American Activities Committee search for communists in American society investigated the State Department, the film and television industry, the Army Blacklisting of writes and performers the Hollywood ten Many historians believe the investigation was politically motivated smear campaign
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1946 Peak Year for Movies By 1948 movies were in competition with television Separating production and distribution Loews theaters and MGM studios finally split in 1959 Studios losing their dominance over the industry
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Hollywood’s Response to Television
Big budget spectacles Ben Hur 1959 Youth market Wide screen 3-D, Cinerama, CinamaScope Stop fighting Television ends Hollywood's boycott of television NBC “Saturday Night at the Movies” produce shows for television Cheyenne
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Sex and Violence First amendment protection extended to movies
Burstyn vs. Wilson Otto Preminger challenges code authority The Moon is Blue (1953) and Man with the Golden Arm (1956) MPAA - Motion Pictures Association of America Movie Ratings Designed by Jack Valenti to prevent censorship G - All ages PG - Parental guidance suggested PG 13 - Parents strongly cautioned to give guidance to children under 13 R - Restricted; those under 17 must be accompanied by parent or guardian NC-17 - No one under 17 admitted
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Movie Business Six major studios
Columbia, Paramount, 20th Century-Fox, MCA/Universal, Time Warner and Disney each produce twenty movies a year Most movies produced are by independent producers distributed by studios Most fragmented industry in mass media
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Share of Movie Revenues for 2000
Making Money Drop in ticket sales 1946 was the biggest year for movie attendance attendance dropped with the growth of television Ancillary rights video network television pay TV song rights soundtrack album book Share of Movie Revenues for 2000
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Independents Independently produced films cost much less to produce
Independent producers and directors push the bounds of Hollywood increased sex and violence Taxi Driver Martin Scorsese more political topics M*A*S*H Robert Altman offbeat films Bananas Woody Allen Women directors
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Film Genres Narratives drawn from novels, paintings, theater, opera, folklore, etc Characteristic plots, images, settings, music, effects, editing, etc science fiction genre rocket ships, monsters, planets, robots, scientists, computers, Genres Screwball comedies - Bringing up Baby film noir - Maltese Falcon mystery - North by Northwest westerns - Fort Apache war - Guadalcanal Diary science fiction - Alien horror - Scream musicals - Gigi
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Film Genres Then & Now Screwball Comedy Film Noir Mystery Westerns
Science Fiction Horror Musicals
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Film Genres Then & Now Screwball Comedy Film Noir Mystery Westerns
Science Fiction Horror Musicals
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Computer Revolution Computer animation Nonlinear editing IMAX
Forest Gump Toy Story Nonlinear editing AVID desktop video IMAX Virtual reality
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Hollywood Adapts to Video
Motion Picture Association of America initially tried to stop video More of a gold mine then a threat Rental chains taking most of the business Blockbuster and Hollywood Video B-movies now go straight to video
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Home Video Video rental dominated by the chains
Blockbuster, Hollywood Video In 1998 Americans spent a total of $16.9 billion on home videos 3/5 of Americans rent videos $170 per year on renting and buying videocassettes Pay per view movies on cable
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Consolidation Twentieth Century-Fox Warner Brothers Universal
bought by Rupert Murdock’s News Corp. Fox News, Fox Network, British Sky Broadcasting Warner Brothers Time-Warner merger with AOL 2000 WB TV, Time-Warner Cable Universal sold to Matsushita of Japan 1990 re sold to Seagram of Canada 1997 Columbia Pictures purchased by Sony
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Audience Film distribution Target audiences series of release windows
theaters, video, cable, television Target audiences Die Hard young men You’ve Got Mail couples date movies
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Film Release Windows
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Integration Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration
own all aspects of an industry Vertical Integration own production and distribution AOL Time-Warner cable systems film and television production Internet Software Netscape television network WB network magazine publishing cable networks CNN TNT TCM
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Film Piracy International copyright
Berne Copyright Convention Urge China to stop producing copies of movies and software
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Film Preservation Early films used unstable nitrate stock
transfer films to safety stock Film colorization brings a new audience to old movies Turner colorization to the MGM film library not all old movies were classics decision not to colorize “Citizen Kane” Panning and scanning wide screen conversion to television HDTV will prevent the need
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