1. NOTES: Development of the West

2. Transcontinental Railroad
RR b/w east & west
Growth of towns & cities
Irish & Chinese laborer

3. 2) Growth of population
Gold rush 1849  California

4. b) Cattle ranchers / cowboys
i) Open range system = property not fenced in  cattle roamed free (cows identified by branding)
ii) Refrigerated RR cars – transport beef to cities, lower costs

5. c) Homestead act
i) land purchased from gov’t
ii) must improve land over a period of 5 years

6. d) Exodusters
i) blacks moving to the west during & after Reconstruction

7. 3) Impact on Native Americans a) Buffalo Soldiers
i) African American cavalry units
ii) job to keep NA on reservations, & control hostilities
Name from NA for curly black hair

8. “Buffalo Soldier” – Bob Marley
There was a buffalo soldier in the heart of America, Stolen from Africa, brought to America, Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival. I mean it, when I analyze the stench - To me it makes a lot of sense: How the dreadlock rasta was the buffalo soldier, And he was taken from Africa, brought to America, Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival. If you know your history, Then you would know where you coming from, Then you wouldn’t have to ask me, Who the heck do I think I am. Buffalo soldier troddin through the land, wo-ho-ooh! Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand, Troddin through the land, yea-hea, yea-ea.
“Buffalo Soldier” – Bob Marley

9. b) Sitting Bull

10. Sitting Bull, widely respected for his bravery and insight, became head chief of the Lakota nation about The stage was set for war between Sitting Bull and the U.S. Army, when an expedition led by General George Custer confirmed that gold had been discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory, an area sacred to many tribes and placed off-limits to white settlement. When government efforts to purchase the Black Hills failed, the commissioner of Indian Affairs decreed that all Lakota not settled on reservations by January 31, 1876, would be considered hostile. Sitting Bull and his people held their ground. In March, as federal troops moved into the area, Sitting Bull summoned the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho to his camp. There he led them in the sun dance ritual, offering prayers to Wakan Tanka, their Great Spirit, and slashing his arms one hundred times as a sign of sacrifice. During this ceremony, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw soldiers falling into the Lakota camp like grasshoppers falling from the sky.
Inspired by this vision, Chief Crazy Horse along with 500 warriors surprised American troops and forced them to retreat. To celebrate this victory, the Lakota moved to the Little Bighorn River, where they were joined by 3,000 more Indians who had left the reservations to follow Sitting Bull. Here they were attacked by General George Custer’s forces, whose badly outnumbered troops were destroyed. Public outrage at this military catastrophe brought thousands more cavalrymen to pursue the Lakota, but Sitting Bull remained defiant. In May 1877 he led his band across the border into Canada, beyond the reach of the U.S. Army, and when General Terry traveled north to offer him a pardon in exchange for settling on a reservation, Sitting Bull angrily sent him away. Four years later, however, finding it impossible to feed his people in a world where the buffalo was almost extinct, Sitting Bull finally came south to surrender. Fearing he might inspire an uprising, the US government held him for two years as a prisoner of war.
Finally, on May 10, 1883, Sitting Bull rejoined his tribe, and in 1885 Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to join Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, earning $50 a week for riding once around the arena, in addition to whatever he could charge for his autograph and picture. He stayed with the show only four months, unable to tolerate white society any longer. Returning to his tribe, Sitting Bull lived in a cabin on the Grand River, near where he had been born. He refused to give up his old ways as the reservation's rules required, still living with two wives and rejecting Christianity.
In the fall of 1890, Kicking Bear came to Sitting Bull with news of the Ghost Dance, a ceremony that promised to rid the land of white people and restore the Indians' way of life. The authorities feared that Sitting Bull, still revered as a spiritual leader, would join the Ghost Dancers as well, and they sent 43 Lakota policemen to bring him in. Before dawn on December 15, 1890, the policemen burst into Sitting Bull's cabin and dragged him outside, where his followers were gathering to protect him. In the gunfight that followed, Sitting Bull was killed.

11. Sitting Bull, widely respected for his bravery and insight, became head chief of the Lakota nation about The stage was set for war between Sitting Bull and the U.S. Army, when an expedition led by General George Custer confirmed that gold had been discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory, an area sacred to many tribes and placed off-limits to white settlement. When government efforts to purchase the Black Hills failed, the commissioner of Indian Affairs decreed that all Lakota not settled on reservations by January 31, 1876, would be considered hostile. Sitting Bull and his people held their ground. In March, as federal troops moved into the area, Sitting Bull summoned the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho to his camp. There he led them in the sun dance ritual, offering prayers to Wakan Tanka, their Great Spirit, and slashing his arms one hundred times as a sign of sacrifice. During this ceremony, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw soldiers falling into the Lakota camp like grasshoppers falling from the sky.
After victory and other wars, Sitting Bull remained defiant. In May 1877 he led his band across the border into Canada, beyond the reach of the U.S. Army. Four years later, however, finding it impossible to feed his people in a world where the buffalo was almost extinct, Sitting Bull finally came south to surrender. Fearing he might inspire an uprising, the US government held him for two years as a prisoner of war.
Finally, on May 10, 1883, Sitting Bull rejoined his tribe, and in 1885 Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to join Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, earning $50 a week for riding once around the arena, in addition to whatever he could charge for his autograph and picture. He stayed with the show only four months, unable to tolerate white society any longer. Returning to his tribe, Sitting Bull lived in a cabin on the Grand River, near where he had been born. He refused to give up his old ways as the reservation's rules required, still living with two wives and rejecting Christianity.
In the fall of 1890, Kicking Bear came to Sitting Bull with news of the Ghost Dance, a ceremony that promised to rid the land of white people and restore the Indians' way of life. The authorities feared that Sitting Bull, still revered as a spiritual leader, would join the Ghost Dancers as well, and they sent 43 Lakota policemen to bring him in. Before dawn on December 15, 1890, the policemen burst into Sitting Bull's cabin and dragged him outside, where his followers were gathering to protect him. In the gunfight that followed, Sitting Bull was killed.

12. c) Wounded Knee Massacre
i) Background: NA moved off land & forced to give up way of life
ii) Ghost Dance: ceremony that promised to rid the land of whites & restore the Indians’ way of life
1. fears of uprising
2. Sioux arrested for dancing
3. weapon fired in confusion
 153 Sioux are massacred
**Importance = marks the end of the Indian wars**
“the earth would soon perish and then come alive again in a pure, aboriginal state, to be inherited by the Indians, including the dead, for an eternal existence free from suffering.” 

13. d) Assimilation (adopting of another culture)
i) NA were forced through gov’t schools as young children to ‘be white’

14. e) Demise of the Buffalo
i) Buffalo = center of NA livelihood (food, clothing)
ii) gov’t supported killing as war tactic
iii) “every buffalo dead is an Indian gone” – Colonel Dodge US Army

15. [“I don’t want to settle. I love to roam over the prairies
[“I don’t want to settle. I love to roam over the prairies. There I feel free and happy, but when we settle down we grow pale and die… a long time ago this land belonged to our fathers; but when I go up the river I see camps of soldiers on its banks. These soldiers cut down my timber; they kill my buffalo; and when I see that my heart feels like bursting … this is our country … we have to protect ourselves. We have to save our country. We have to fight for what is ours.” – Chief Satanta, 1867]