1. Solutions!

2. Classification of Matter
Recall
Classification of Matter
Also called solutions
Also called suspensions

3. Solution
A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in a single physical state (phase).
Exist in all 3 phases.

4. Parts of a Solution Solute = dissolved substance.
Solvent = dispersing medium.

5. Identify the solute and solvent in each picture.

6. Solute = ? Solvent = ?

7. Hints to identify solute & solvent
Solute – changes phase, substance you have less of
Solvent – substance you have the most of, maintains phase

8. Aqueous Solutions Water is the solvent.
Transition metals form brightly colored solutions.

9. Soluble Soluble – capable of being dissolved.
A substance that dissolves in another substance is soluble in that substance.

10. Insoluble
A substance that does not dissolve in another substance.

11. Amounts that can dissolve
Solubility = maximum amount of 1 substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance.
LIMITS to the amounts of most liquid or solid solutes that will dissolve in a given solvent.
Temperature and pressure can affect solubility.

12. Factors that affect the rate of dissolving
Rate of dissolving is different from the amount that will dissolve!
Rate is how fast. Several factors influence rate of dissolving.
Temperature
Stirring or Agitation
Surface Area of Solute
Amount of solute already dissolved.

13. Dissolving Dissolving is a physical change.
All physical & chemical changes are accompanied by changes in energy.

14. Equations for Dissolving
C6H12O6(s)  C6H12O6(aq)
NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

15. Covalent substances dissolve to produce molecules in solution.
source
Covalent substances dissolve to produce molecules in solution.

16. Ionic substances dissolve to produce ions in solution.
Movie: Dissolution of NaCl

18. Solvation
Interaction between the solvent molecules and the solute particles. Solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles in the dissolving process.
Solute particles may be ions, polar molecules, or nonpolar molecules.
Solvent molecules may be polar or nonpolar.

19. Hydration
Specific name for the solvent-solute interaction when the solvent is water.

20. Hydration of chloride ion.
Also called a molecule-ion interaction.

21. Molecule-ion interaction
The solute-solvent interaction must be greater than the interaction between solute particles for dissolving to occur.

22. Solubility
Amount of solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent at a given TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE.
Determined experimentally.
Units:
grams solute per 100 grams solvent

23. Solubility Curves of Selected Solids
Solubility traces for most but not all solids have +’ve slopes. The hotter the solvent, the more solute dissolves.

24. Why do we heat the water up when making rock candy?

25. Solubility Curves of Selected Gases
Solubility traces for all gases have –’ve slopes.
Why do fish like cold water?

26. Why do you see bubbles form on the side of the beaker as the water warms up? (It’s not hot enough to boil.)

27. Vocabulary Interlude
Miscible: two liquids that will mix in any amounts.
Water and ethanol are miscible in all proportions.
Immiscible: Liquids that cannot mix
Oil and water are immiscible.

28. Oil & H2O are immiscible.

29. Types of Solutions

30. Electricity What do you need to conduct electricity?
Mobile charged particles!!!!

31. Vocabulary Interlude
Electrolyte: A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts electricity. (There are ions in the solution.)
Nonelectrolyte: A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that does not conduct electricity. (There are neutral molecules in solution.)

32. Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte
Which solution conducts a current?

33. Dilute vs. Concentrated
Tell you relative amount of solute in solvent.
Concentrated – relatively large amounts of solute.
Dilute – relatively small amounts of solute.

34. Which solution is the most dilute. The most concentrated
Which solution is the most dilute? The most concentrated? How do you know?
The stronger the color, the more concentrated the solution.

36. Which solution is more concentrated? More dilute?
What can you say about the number of solute particles in pictures b and c?
It’s the same!

37. Unsaturated Solution
Has less solute than the maximum amount that will dissolve at that temperature and pressure.

38. Saturated Solution
No more solute will dissolve in it at that temperature & pressure.
Solubility = amount of solute required to form a saturated solution.

39. The solution is saturated when the solute stops dissolving.

40. Dynamic Equilibrium = Saturated Solution
Microscopic level: Rate of dissolving = Rate of recrystallization.
Macroscopic level: No apparent change.

41. Supersaturated Solution
Contains more solute than a saturated solution.
VERY unstable.
Have to be clever to make them up.
Sodium Acetate Solution
Temperature
Heat Pack

43. Testing for saturation:
Throw a crystal of the solute into the solution and see what happens.

44. 3 possible results: Unsaturated solution. Saturated solution.
Crystal dissolves
No apparent change in crystal
Bam! Suddenly have lots of solid solute in beaker.
Saturated solution.
Supersaturated solution.

45. What kind of solution was this?

46. How do the terms saturated, unsaturated & supersaturated fit in with the solubility curves?
Saturated solutions have maximum solute that will dissolve at that temperature. Points on traces represent saturated solutions.
All points above a trace represent supersaturated solutions of that solute.
All points below a trace represent unsaturated solutions of that solute.

47. Characterize points A, B, C, D with respect to KNO3 trace using the terms dilute & concentrated, and saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated. A B C D
A = concentrated & supersaturated.
D = dilute & unsaturated.

48. Summary of Dissolving Occurs at the surface of the solid.
Involves an interaction between the solute and the solvent.
Interaction is called “solvation.”
If water is the solvent, the interaction is called “hydration.”
Involves changes in energy.

50. Solubility Information
Often presented in graphs
Show the number of grams of a substance that can be dissolved in water between 0oC and 100oC.
Each trace represents a saturated solution.
The space above each trace represents supersaturated solutions.
The space below each trace represents unsaturated solutions.

51. Solubility Graphs Some traces have positive slopes; some are negative.
Most solids have a positive slope – the hotter the water, the more solute dissolves.
All gases have a negative slope – the hotter the water, the less gas dissolves.
The colder the water, the more gas dissolves.