1. Chapter 1 Three Worlds Meet
U.S. History
Chapter 1
Three Worlds Meet

2. Alabama
The area that is now Alabama has been home to Native American groups for thousands of years.
Overtime Native Americans developed complex societies.
During the Middle Woodland Period (AD 1-500) constructed complicated burial mounds filled with artifacts.
Late Woodland (AD ) peoples used arrows with stone points to hunt better and grew crops that could be stored to support a larger population.
During the Mississippian Period (AD ) Native Americans in present-day Alabama formed larger communities built walled towns and established large trade networks.

3. Alabama
The first Europeans to set eyes on the land that is now Alabama was the Spanish explorers in the early 1500s.
Hernanado de Soto led the first extended European exploration in 1540.
The Spaniards often fought with the Native Americans they encountered in their search for gold.
Present-day Alabama then became a source of conflict between the British and French who were competing for land and power in North America.

4. Peopling the Americans
In ancient times, migrating peoples settled the Americans, where their descendants developed complex societies.
Parents of immigration have always shaped and continue to shape American history.
When did the first people come to Americas?
Historian and archaeologists believe they arrived here about 22,000 years ago.

5. How did they get to the Americas?
Ice Age glaciers had frozen vast qualities of the earth’s water.
The area between present day Alaska and Russia (about 6 miles) had frozen and allowed those migrating to cross a land bridge called the Beringia.

6. How did most of these ancient explorers travel?
By foot
Some may have travelled down the Pacific coast in boats made of animal hides and bones- much like todays kayaks.

7. What were the earliest Americans in search of ?
Big game
Why did they want the big game?
Provided them food, clothing and bones were used for tools and weapons.
After the Ice Age ended these native Americans started to hunt smaller game.
Majority of the Native Americans were nomadic-which meant they did what?

8. AGRUCULTURE DEVELOPS
Between 5,000-10,000 years ago a revolution would take place in what is present-day Mexico.
Some of the Native Americans started planting crops.
What do some archaeologist believe was the first crop planted?
Corn-Maize
What were other crops planted by the Native Americans?
Pumpkins, peppers, beans, and gourds.

9. The introduction of farming would allow people to remain in one place which gave them more time to develop other skills.
What were the effects of agriculture on the hunting an gathering peoples of the Americas?
Made it possible to stay in one place and store surplus food.
Archaeologists believe that the first of the Americas emerged as early as 1200 B.C. in what is now Southern Mexico.

10. The Olmec peoples created a thriving civilization in the humid rain forest along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Other civilization appeared in the wake of the Olmec’s collapse around 400 B.C.
These included the Maya who built dynamic culture in Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula.

11. Other Native American group were the Aztec, and in South America were the Incas.
What were some of the achievements of the early civilizations of the Americans?
They built great cities and ceremonial centers and developed forms of writing.

12. North American Societies Around 1492
The different landscapes of North America encouraged the diversity of Native American cultures.
Today still many Native Americans still maintain ancient customs and their respective cultures.
What are some of these customs they practice still today?
The Native Americans adapted to their environments.
What would be some of the ways they might adapt to the environment?

13. Southwest The Pima and Pueblo tribes lived in the harsh environment.
By the 1300 the Pueblo and related tribe the Hopi had left their cliff houses like their ancestors.
They built new settlements along the waterways .
The Hopi would still live near the cliffs but developed a complex irrigation system to help in growing of their crops.

14. People lived in multi-room houses made of adobe or stone and grew corn, melons, beans, and squash.
Like their ancestors the Pueblo people built underground kivas or ceremonial chambers for religious ceremonies and council.
Eastern Woodland- The landscape of the Southwest contrasted sharply with the Eastern Woodland of the Mississippi River.
How would the Eastern Woodland differ from the Southwest?
Mostly hardwood forest.

15. The tribes of the Eastern Woodland had much in common.
Native peoples like the Iroquois built villages by clearing the forest and burning the land.
What benefit did burning the land have?
They would build longhouses.
These Native Americans would travel by foot or canoes.
The tribes had different languages, customs and environment.

16. In what ways did food production differ among Native American societies?
Groups that lived along the ocean coast were able to rely on the ocean for food those in the Southwest relied on crops, groups in the Eastern Woodland mixed hunting and gathering of wild berries with agriculture.

17. North Americans Share Cultural Patterns
No two Native American societies were alike many did share certain cultural traits.
Some of these traits were patterns of trade, attitude toward land usage, and certain religious beliefs and social values.
Trade was one of the biggest factors bringing Native Americans in contact with one another.
Trade allowed the Native Americans to receive items from unfamiliar places. 3

18. Native Americans traded many things but land was not one of them.
They regarded the land as a source of life and not a commodity to be sold.
This attitude toward the land would lead to many clashes with Europeans who believed in private ownership of the land.
Native Americans disturbed the land only for most important activities such as gathering food or farming.

19. Native American believed that spirits spoke to them in dreams and visions.
Native Americans thought the past generation remained alive to guide their living.
They thought that every object living or non-living possessed a voice that might be heard if one would listen closely.
One of the good spirits was Kachina.

20. Bonds of kinship or strong family members ensured the continuation of tribal customs.
Elders would instruct the young and exchange the young would honor the elders and respect the departed ancestors.
The task assigned to men and women would vary in each society.
The Iroquois and Hopi tribes the women owned the household and families would trace their lineage through their mother to grandmother and so on.
In other Native American societies the father would on everything and the lineage would be traced through the father.

21. The division of labor the assignment of task according to gender, age, or status formed the basis of social order.
The basic unit of organization among all Native Americans was the family.
Some Native Americans would arrange their families into clans.
Iroquois would live in clans and the entire family would live in longhouse.
Not all Native Americans lived together for long periods of time.
Those who hunted and gathered would live in smaller groups for the ease of hunting.

22. What similarities and differences existed among Native America social structures?
Some societies organized related families into clans who lived together. In societies who hunted and gathered were broke into smaller bands for hunting.

23. West African Societies Around 1492
West Africa in the 1400s was the home to a variety of peoples and cultures.
For centuries trade had brought into the region new goods, new ideas, and new beliefs, including those of the Islamic religion.
In the mid-1400s the level of interaction would increase with the arrival of European traders.
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24. Africa has three climate zones- desert, savanna, and rain forest.
The Timbuktu/Sahara Highway was the hub of a well-established trading network that connected West Africa to the coastal ports of North Africa.
Traders from North Africa brought more than goods across the Sahara they also brought their Islamic faith.
Islam would be founded in Arabia in 622 A.D. by Muhammad.
Those who follow the Islamic faith are called Moslems.
Islam would spread quickly across the Middle East and North Africa.

25. Why would trade have helped spread the Islamic faith?
Muslim traders would have spread their faith along their trade routes.
Islam did not have much influence over the daily lives and religious practices of most West Africa in the late 1400s.

27. Portuguese Arrive
By the 1470s the Portuguese traders had established an outpost on the West African coast near large Akan goldfields.
Early contacts between West Africans and Portuguese traders would have two significant consequences for West Africa and the Americans.
Direct trade between the Portuguese and coastal peoples of West Africa bypassed the old trade routes across the Sahara and pulled the coastal region into a closer relationship with Europe.
The Portuguese began the European trade in West African slaves.

28. How did the Portuguese sugar plantations affect the course of history?
To work the plantations the Portuguese began importing slaves from West Africa. This was the beginning of the European slave trade.

29. Three African Kingdoms Flourish
In the 1400s West African was a land thriving in trade, diverse culture and many rich and well-ordered states.
In the mid-1400s Songhai gained power and wealth by controlling the trans-Sahara trade.
With wealth flowing from north-south trade the rulers of Songhai could raise large Armies and conquer new territory.

30. At its height in the 1500s Songhai’s power extended across much of West Africa.
The European trade with Songhai would fo much for those in the rain forest one of them that would dominate this region was Benin.
How was the government of Benin similar to that of Askia Muhammad?
Both were highly organized and used appointed officials to administer districts and control economic activity.

31. West African Culture
Bonds of kinship ties among people lived in small villages where their life revolved around the family, community and tradition.
Lineage – line of common descent formed the basis of most aspects of life in West Africa.
Religion was important in all aspects of African life.

32. Why did political leaders claim authority on the basis of religion?
It was the best way to justify authority.
The West African people supported themselves by the age old method of farming, herding, hunting and fishing.
What agricultural skills did West Africans bring to the Americans?
The skill for growing rice.

33. European Societies Around 1492
Political and economic and intellectual developments in west Europe in the 1400s led to the Age of Explorations.
During the 15th century Prince Henry of Portugal- Known as “Prince Henry the Navigator” sent Portuguese ships to explore the west coast of Africa.
Prince Henry’s curiosity was typical of the noble spirit of Renaissance a period when Europeans began investigating all aspects of the physical world.

34. European Social Order
In the late 1400s most Europeans like Native Americans, and Africans, lived in small villages, bound to the land and to ancient traditions.
European communities were based on hierarchy- that is they were organized according to rank.
Monarchs and nobles were at the top at the bottom was peasants who were protected by the nobles.

35. One group who did not experience social nobility was composed of the artisans and merchants the people who created and traded foods for money.
Why did the artisans and merchants experience social mobility?
Their skills and products were in demand and their affluence allowed them to rise in the social hierarchy.

36. The Family in Society
Europeans were unlike the Native Americans and Africans kinship ties and the extended families were not as important to them.
Instead nuclear family was made up of the mother and father and their children.
As other societies gender largely determine the division of labor.

37. Christianity Shapes the European Outlook
During this time what was the dominant religion?
Roman Catholic Church
The leader was the Pope and Bishops which had great political and spiritual authority.
The church believed it was called to convert people of other faiths.

38. Christianity Shapes the European Outlook
From 1096 to 1270 Europeans launched the Crusades was a series of military expeditions into the Middle East in the name of Christianity.
In the end the bloody Crusades failed to rescue the Holy Land but had two significant consequences.
First it sparked trade as the crusaders returned home with the taste of spices from Asia.
Second the crusades weaken the power of the European nobles many of whom had lost fortunes in the wars.

39. Decline in Church Authority
The Crusades had a third long-term consequence the decline of the power of the Pope.
The ultimate failure of the Crusades weaken the power and prestige of the Pope which had led for the quest of spreading the Catholic faith.
Disagreements over church authority and outrage over corrupt practices among the clergy led to a reform movement in the 1500s.
This movement was known as the Reformation- it would divide Christianity in western Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism.

40. The spilt in the church would also deepen rivalries between European nations during the period of American colonization and sent newly formed Protestant sects across the Atlantic to seek religious freedom.
In what ways would revival of the cities have affected European social and cultural life?
The revival of cities established new trade opportunities and new markets.

41. Renaissance
The Renaissance led to a more secular spirit an interest in worldly pleasures and new confidence in human achievement.
How might Renaissance attitudes and ideas have influenced European explorers?
The Renaissance encouraged people to value human achievement. This attitude prompted many to seek glory through adventure, discovery and conquest.

42. Europe Enters a New Age of Exploration
Even though Marco Polo’s journey took place in the 1200s it wasn’t until 1477 that the Portuguese really got interested in travelling to the Far East.
Europeans needed more than maps to guide them through the uncharted waters.
European ship captains adopted the compass and astrolabe as navigational tools.
They also took advantage of innovation in sailing technology that allowed ships such as the carvel to sail against the wind.

43. Transatlantic Encounters
Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that brought together the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americans.
The interaction among the people of these three continents laid the foundations for modern multicultural America.

44. In January of 1492 the Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus stood before the Spanish Court with a daring plan that he would find a route to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean.
This plan was accepter on August 3, 1492 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
How would this voyage change history?
Would see the interactions among people of three continents laid the foundations for modern multicultural America.

45. On October 12, 1492 Columbus and his three ships would arrive in what he thought was the East Indies.
When he got ashore he would met a group of Taino or noble ones. He called them Indians.
He renamed their island San Salvador or Holy Savior and claimed it for Spain.
They thought Columbus was a god.
The search of gold was one of the main reasons for Columbus’s journey.

46. What does the 3 G’s mean and stand for?
God, Gold, and Glory
Who was the first Europeans to reach North America?
Vikings- Leif Ericsson
How did the arrival of European settlers affect Native American societies?
European settlers brought diseases that devastated Native Americans societies.

47. Why did European settlers increase their demand for enslaved Africans?
European diseases had reduced the Native American work force so Europeans began relying on the importation of enslaved Africans.
Explain the pros and cons of the Columbian Exchange.

48. The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American, Africa and European hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492, colonization and trade by Europeans in the Americas, and institution of the slave trade in Africa and the Americas.

50. Treaty of Tordesillas
With oversea expansions inflamed European rivalries would occur.
Portugal the pioneer in navigation and exploration deeply resented Spain’s sudden conquests to the New World.
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI a Spaniard stepped in to avoid war between the two nations.
In the Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the Eastern Hemisphere between them.