1. Solutions

2. Aim: To understand the concept of solutions
At the end of this section you will know:
Terms, solvent, solute, solution + examples (2)
Difference between melting and dissolving
Terms suspension, dilute, concentrated
Explain concentration with particle theory.
Saturated solution, solubility with temp.+e.g.(2)
How solubility is measured. How to graph solubility against temperature (solubility curve). Must be able to read graph.
Crystallisation, different type of solutes/ solvents (3) Dangers of other solvents (3)

3. Keywords

4. Solutions
Clear mixtures in which parts are too small to be seen and do not settle.
Consist of 2 parts:
Solvent: does the dissolving e.g water, nail varnish remover.
Solute: is dissolved e.g. sugar, nail varnish
Solution = mixture of solute and solvent

5. Solutions
Watch the video clip on solutions and answer the following questions.
Explain solute, solvent and solution.
What happens the solute to make it dissolve?
What is soluble and insoluble?
How might you separate the solute from the solvent?
Mention two ways to make the solute dissolve easier.
List two substances the are soluble in water and two that are insoluble in water.

6. Examples of Solutions Minerals are solutions of carbon dioxide, sugar,
and flavorings dissolved
in water.
An alloy is a solid
solution of metals.

7. What increases how much dissolves?
Crushing the solute
Heating the solvent, if you are dissolving a solid in a liquid
Stirring the solution

8. Particle Theory and Dissolving
The particle theory helps explain what happens when
a solute is dissolved. Remember that the particle
theory says that there are spaces between all particles.
In water, there are spaces between the water particles.
The particles in sugar are the same. You can see many
grains, or crystals, of sugar. Each grain is made of
many particles that you cannot see. There are empty
spaces between the sugar particles.

9. Particle Theory and Dissolving
When sugar dissolves, the particles
break apart. These particles mix with the small water
particles. The small water particles fit in the spaces
between the larger sugar particles.

10. What is a suspension?
When a finely divided solid is scattered throughout a liquid you have a suspension.
Any liquid you have to shake before use is a suspension. e.g milk of magnesia, milk, mud and water.

11. Concentrated Solutions
Concentrated solutions have more solute and less solvent. e.g Orange juice or blackcurrent juice you buy in the supermarket to dilute for drinking.

12. Dilute Solutions
When a solution has little solute and alot of solvent it is called a dilute solution.
In the large beaker there are very few solute molecules so it is a dilute solution
So how can a dilute solution be made more concentrated?

13. Dilute Concentrated Particle Theory
When a solution is concentrated there more particles of solute than in dilute solution

14. Dilute Solutions ANSWER Add more solute.
Evaporate some of the solvent.
In the diagram the copper sulphate solution is made more concentrated by adding more copper sulphate.

15. Saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
solutions hold the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature
solutions are not holding as much as possible at that temperature
solutions are holding more than they should be able to at the given temperature.
Saturated
Unsaturated
Supersaturated

16. This solution is saturated. It is holding all it can,
and we can see some undisolved solute.

17. Solubility and Solubility Curves
From copper sulfate experiment you will have noticed that the copper sulfate dissolved easier in hot water than cold water.
It is clear that the higher the temperature the more substance that dissolves.
Solubility = the mass of a substance in grams that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a fixed temperature.
Solubility is different for different substances at the same temperature.

18. Solubility Curve
Looking at the curve for Potassium Nitrate you can see that as the temperature rises the solubility rises rapidly.
For Sodium Chloride the rise in solubility with temperature is much slower.

19. Using Solubility Curves
Temp/oC
CuSO4/100g water 14 10 17 20 30 25 40 29 50 34 60 70 47 80 56 90 68
Use the results in the table opposite to draw a solubility curve graph for Copper Sulfate.
Put temperatute on the horizontal axes
Put solubility of copper sulfate / 100g of water on the vertical axes.

20. Solubility Curve Graph

21. Graph Questions How much Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) dissolves at 65oC
If the solution is cooled from 80oC to 20oC how much copper sulfate is put out solution to form crystals?
ANSWERS
At 65oC 43g of copper sulfate will dissolve in 100g of water.
At 80oC 56g of copper sulfate dissolves. At 20oC only 20g of copper sulfate dissolves. So if the solution is cooled 56 g – 20 g will come out of solution that is 36 g of crystals.

22. Solubility Curve GraphAt
80oC
20g at 20oC

23. Copper Sulphate crystals
Crystallisation
Crystallisation is the formation of crystals when a hot saturated solution is cooled or when solvent is evaporated from the solution.
Copper Sulphate crystals

24. Other types of solutions
Solutions are not always a solid solute in a liquid solvent e.g.
Fizzy drinks contain carbon dioxide (gas) dissolved in water.
Whiskey and other alcoholic drinks contain alcohol (liquid)
dissolved in water.
Marshmallows contain air (gas) dissolved in sugar pastes (solid)
Other solvents
Alcohol, chloroform, white spirit are solvents.

25. Dangers of other solvents
Solvents used in paint are flammable.
Solvents used in glue are extremely poisonous and can cause damage to the brain, liver and other parts of the body.