1. APUSH Theme Project- Politics and Power
Abhi, Gavin, and AJ

2. POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition, cooperation, and conflict among different societies and social groups in North America during the colonial period.
Key Concept 1.2-2: European expansion into the Western hemisphere caused intense social/ religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.
Key Concept 2.2-1: Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.
Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North America colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.

3. Key Concept 1.2-2: European expansion into the Western hemisphere caused intense social/ religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.
Joint Stock companies: gave British more of a foothold on the colonies, which led to conflict and division in the American colonies soon after.
Lord Baltimore: Founded Baltimore as a Catholic safe haven which greatly profited England. At the same time it caused religious division between the colonies.
Tobacco growth in VA: New crops from the Americas stimulated European pop. growth, while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
Puritanism: essentially the beginning of American colonization. Greatly changed the religious landscape of America and Europe.
New England Confederation: First attempt of the colonies to form a coalition, beginning of the colonies’ independence from England.

4. Key Concept 2.2-1:Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.
Chickasaw Wars: European supplication of weapons to Natives led to political instability (strife between American and Europe).
Wool Act: Caused a growing mistrust on both sides, but predominantly on that of the colonists. Increased taxes and limited exports on wool.
Molasses Act: similar to the Wool Act, caused colonists express their disapproval in the actions of Europeans in regards to frontier defense and many other issues.
Smuggling into colonies: showed the Europeans inability to show total control over the colonies due to the fact that they couldn’t prevent unlawful goods and even people from entering.
Fur trade: The fur trade was originally a Native occupation, but when the French moved into the Canadian area they began trading fur with the Natives, which meant that French and Natives ties were growing closer.

5. Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North America colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.
Pontiac’s Rebellion: helped spur on the tensions between the white colonists and the Native Indians.
Iroquois Confederacy: During the colonial period, many tribes attempted to form political coalitions in order to limit European settlement.
Stamp Act: Seven Years’ War debt caused the British to attempt to control North America once again, which fueled the colonial hatred toward the British.
Intolerable Acts: Similar to the Stamp Act, these were an attempt to show British power to colonists. This backfired on the British and was a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.
Sons of Liberty: Began the independence movement and showed the colonists’ willingness to band together and fight for individual freedoms.

6. POL 2- Explain how and why major party systems and political alignments arose and have changed from the early Republic through the end of the 20th century.
4.1-1: The nations transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power, the relationship between the federal government, and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.
7.1-3: National, state, and local reformers responded to economic upheavals, laissez- faire capitalism, and the Great Depression by transforming the United States into a limited welfare state.
8.2-3: As many liberal principles came to dominate postwar politics and court decisions, liberalism came under attack from the left as well as from resurgent conservative movements.

7. Key Concept 4.1-1: The nations transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power, the relationship between the federal government, and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.
The Whig Party: Created to appeal to a particular group within the countries’ interests. Contributed to the growing political sectionalism within the country.
McCullough v. Maryland: Helped set the precedent that the Supreme Court has the right to determine the meaning of the Constitution over state legislation.
Embargo Act: Contributed to the devastating blow that the republic received from lack of trade. Also caused division between different political groups of America.
Tariff debates of the early 1800s: Again, showed that the formation of political powers and division were inevitable because there are so many debatable issues.
Slavery in the South: The south prided themselves on the institution of slavery and expected the federal government to uphold it, but the North felt that slavery was inhumane and unjust (DIVISION).

8. Key Concept 7.1-3: National, state, and local reformers responded to economic upheavals, laissez- faire capitalism, and the Great Depression by transforming the United States into a limited welfare state.
National Recovery Administration: an attempt by FDR to use the power of the federal government to help recovery the economy after years of economic downfall.
Tennessee Valley Authority: another facet of the New Deal that attempted to help stimulate recovery by supplying electricity to the Tennessee Valley area.
Supreme Court fight: an attempt to limit the scope of the New Deal and cut down the power of FDR and his administration.
Social Security Act: a reform that made society and the individual more secure and helped with long term governmental realignment.
FDIC: Gave more opportunities to the working class and many ethnic groups, also caused many to lean more towards the Democratic party.

9. Key Concept 8.2-3: As many liberal principles came to dominate postwar politics and court decisions, liberalism came under attack from the left as well as from resurgent conservative movements.
The Great Society: LBJs attempt to end racial discrimination and attack communism. Shows rampant liberal ideals.
Griswold v. Connecticut: produced liberal views and expanded the freedoms of the individual in a democratic society.
Miranda v. Arizona: Similar to Griswold, this introduced liberal ideals and challenged the rights of state law when challenged by federal govt.
Students for a Democratic Society: Leftist group that challenged that authority of liberals.
Black Panthers: Group of radical blacks that believed in fighting racial discrimination with force. Definitely too radical.

10. POL-3: : Explain how activist groups and reform movements, such as antebellum reformers, civil rights activists, and social conservatives, have caused changes to state institutions and U.S. society
KEY CONCEPT 6.2.1: International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities.
Key Concept 7.1.2: Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources
Key Concept 8.2.1: Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward equality was slow and halting.

11. POL-3: Key Concept 6.2.1
National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed by Elizabeth Cady Staton. They wanted to reform the gender inequalities by giving women the right to vote.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded by reformer Frances Willard to oppose alcohol consumption to make American society better.
Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave, was a champion of black education. He was called in to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. He did not directly challenge the idea of white supremacy, but he did develop the educational and economical resources of the black community.
Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago. She was a social reformer who pioneered a new housing option for poor immigrants. She also created new forms of activism for women.
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PHD at Harvard University. He demanded complete social and economic equality for blacks. He also founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

12. Key Concept 7.1.2:
Clayton Antitrust Act lengthened the list of business practices that were deemed objectionable like price discrimination and interlocking directorates. It also conferred benefits on labor like exempting labor unions from antitrust prosecution, legalizing strikes, and legalizing peaceful picketing.
Florence Kelley successfully lobbied for an Illinois anti-sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. Then is 1899 she took control of the National Consumers League.
Federal Reserve Bank was a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. This is an example of government intervention in the economy in response to the economic instability.
New Nationalism was Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice.
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 regulated interstate commerce to look for monopolies and stop unlawful handling of money. This is another example of government intervention in the economy.

13. Key Concept 8.2.1
Fannie Lou Hamer was evicted from her farm and thrown in jail for registering to vote and urging other African Americans to vote. She also challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention.
John Lewis organized unions and became the boss for the United Mine Workers and founded the CIO (Committee or Industrial Organization). He wanted to end segregation.
Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer who is remembered for arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education which declared that laws segregating schools was unconstitutional.
Megdar Evans was a black civil rights activist who tried to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi. He later became a field secretary for the NAACP.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a group of black and white students who were organizing a peaceful attack on segregation and racial discrimination.

14. POL-4 Analyze how and why the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government’s role in U.S. political, social, and economic life.
Key Concept 7.1.3: National, state, and local reformers responded to economic upheavals, laissez-faire capitalism, and the Great Depression by transforming the United States into a limited welfare state.
Key Concept 8.2.1: Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward equality was slow and halting.
Key Concept 9.1.2: Conservatives achieved some of their political and policy goals, but their success was limited by the enduring popularity and institutional strength of some government programs and public support for cultural trends of recent decades.

15. Key Concept 7.1.3
National Recovery Administration was directed by Hugh John. It set up a system of codes for businesses including giving fair wages and work hours. This was to help out the workers.
The Tennessee Valley Authority built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power to the area while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and a soil conservation program. This was for all of the poor people in the area and for businesses to have power to open back up.
The Federal Housing Administration was an agency that granted homeowners loans, so that they would stimulate the housing industry.
The Social Security Act guaranteed retirement pay for enrolled workers beginning at age 65. It also set up a federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.
The first Agricultural Adjustment Act was made to help all farmers who had gone broke because of all the surplus product. Farmers would get paid subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock.

16. Key Concept 8.2.1
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 this act outlawed segregation of public accommodations and made discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity origin, or gender illegal. However, the act did not successfully address many of the problems associated with voting rights.
Brown v. Board of Education was argued by Thurgood Marshall in The Supreme Court upheld that “separate but equal” violated the constitution, so schools were no longer segregated. Many white Southerners ignored this ruling because they believed it was “an abuse of judiciary power”.
Mary McLeod Bethune was a leader in the fight for black and women’s rights. She founded a school for African American students which is now Bethune- Cookman University.
The Voting Rights Act guaranteed the right to vote for all Americans, and the government could intervene to ensure that minorities could vote.
In Birmingham in 1963 MLK organized a rally to stop segregation in all facilities. It was a peaceful protest, but the police were ordered to attack with fire hoses, electric cattle prods, tear gas and police dogs. Americans were horrified when they saw what happened.

17. Key Concept 9.1.2
tax cuts passed under Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush
The Contract with America was created by Newt Gingrich in It was a deal with America to reduce the deficit and cut welfare-state programs. It led to a sweeping Republican victory in the 1994 elections.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey was a court case in which the constitutionality of abortion was challenged. Four of the original five conditions on abortions were upheld Informed consent, 24 hour waiting period, parental consent for a minor, and the imposition of certain reporting info from abortion facilities. However, Spousal notification was overturned.
Expansion of Medicare and Medicaid was added to the social security system in by LBJ. Medicare provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses. Medicaid is an entitlement program that benefits low- income families, some people with disabilities, and elderly people in nursing homes
growth of the budget deficit

18. POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787.
Key Concept 3.2.I: During the 18th century, new ideas about politics and society led to debates about religion and governance and ultimately inspired experiments with new governmental structures.
Key Concept 4.1.I: The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power, the relationship between the federal government and the states, the authority of different branches of the federal government, and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.
Key Concept 5.2.I- The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s, and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism.

19. POL-5: Key Concept 3.2.I
John Locke- John Locke’s Enlightenment ideals were the basis of the U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence, most notably his beliefs that all men had the rights to life, liberty, and property, as well as his requiring multiple branches of government to accomplish different tasks.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau- Rousseau believed in the Social Contract, where the citizens and the government have responsibilities to each other, and he believed that all citizens should be required to vote. His ideals were also of great influence in the writing of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.
Adam Smith- Author of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith was arguably the most important economic theorist in the formation of America. His laissez-faire approach has shaped our economic ideals throughout our history, with the country being founded on and grown upon strong, individualistic capitalism, and the conflict between how far the nation should take “invisible-hand” capitalism.
Alexander Hamilton- a strong federalist, industrialist, and economic genius, Alexander Hamilton was extremely influential in the early years of the Union, with he and Thomas Jefferson constantly butting heads over the extent of powers in the federal government, most noticeably in regards to the Bank of the United States (which Hamilton strongly fought for) and the necessary and proper clause of the constitution.
Thomas Jefferson- The polar opposite of Alexander Hamilton, Jefferson believed in heavily limited powers for the federal government (meaning no BUS), an agrarian economy, and more trust to the common people, vs Hamilton’s more centralized, aristocratic views on government. In the end, however, Hamilton’s more industrialized, federalist, centralized powers would prove the victor in the interpretation of the constitution.

20. POL-5: Key Concept 4.1.I
McCulloch v. Maryland- When the state of Maryland attempted to tax the Second bank of the United States through a targeted law, the Supreme Court invoked the Necessary and Proper clause, expanding the implied powers for Congress to implement the Constitution’s granted express powers. This again furthered the decrease in state power vs. the increase in federal power.
Worcester v. Georgia- In this case, the supreme court asserted that Georgia had no right to regulate Native American tribes and lands, giving this power to the federal government, again increasing federal power vs. the decreasing state power.
Fletcher v. Peck- this landmark Supreme Court case in 1810 was the first time the court directly ruled a state law unconstitutional, and laid the groundwork for the idea that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (this was solidified in Johnson v. M’intosh). This case yet again solidifies/increases the power of the federal government.
Cohens v. Virginia- This Supreme Court case decided that the federal government has the power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal cases if the defendant claims his/her constitutional rights have been violated. AGAIN, this case furthers the federal government’s power.
Gibbons v. Ogden- Yet another landmark decision, this case resulted in the assertion that the power to regulate interstate commerce (i.e. the Commerce Clause of the constitution) also stretched to the power to regulate navigation. This case was one in a massive series of Supreme Court decisions in the early 1800s, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, in which the power of the federal government was expanded.

21. POL-5: Key Concept 5.2.I
John C. Calhoun- John C. Calhoun, one of the most important statesman and part of the “Great Triumvirate” of the 1800s, hugely contributed to the rise of sectionalism leading up to the Civil War, thanks to his leadership of the Nullifier Party of South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis and his defense of slavery, which helped rile up southern secessionists.
Minstrel Shows- Minstrel shows were popular forms of entertainment in the south during the 1800s, where blacks were ridiculed as lazy, superstitious, and dim-witted. These were, of course, quite controversial and only added fuel to the fire of the pervasive slavery debate of the 19th century.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: With Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Stowe was the spark that set the country ablaze just a decade later, as her novel impassioned the northerners and Europeans beyond comprehension and infuriated the South. This both energized the abolitionist movement and attacked the south, making both sides willing to fight.
Frederick Douglass- With Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass not only helped expose the horrors of slavery (i.e. Stowe), but revealed to the world that African Americans, too, can be as intelligent as whites.
The Impending Crisis of the South- Hinton Helper’s Crisis, written in 1857, exposed a new argument for abolition, using the poor whites of the south as an illustration for slavery’s harmful effects on non-slave owning whites, rather than the common approach of showing the injustices of slavery on the slaves themselves.

22. POL-6: Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom, and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the ideological clashes and military conflicts of the 19th century and the early 20th century.
Key Concept 4.1.II- Concurrent with an increasing international exchange of goods and ideas, larger numbers of Americans began struggling with how to match democratic political ideals to political institutions and social realities.
Key Concept 5.1.II- Repeated aattempts at political compromise failed to calm tensions over slavery and often made sectional tensions worse, breaking down the trust between sectional leaders and culminating in the bitter election of 1860, followed by the succession of southern states.
Key Concept 6.3.I: Gilded Age politics were intimately tied to big business and focused nationally on economic issues – tariffs, currency, corporate expansion, and laissez-faire economic policy – that engendered numerous calls for reform.

23. POL-6: Key Concept 4.1.II
Charles G. Finney- Often called The Father of Christian Revivalism; Charles G. Finney was a Presbyterian leader during the Second Great Awakening. He, along with many other Evangelicals, promoted social reforms like abolition of slavery and equal education for all, including women and blacks.
Seneca Falls Convention- This was the first women’s rights convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott and self-described as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman.” This convention was an important step in the continuing effort by women to gain more social, civil, and moral rights. This was the beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement in America.
Utopian Communities- Many Utopian communities were formed throughout the early 1800s, including New Harmony, Indiana under Robert Owen, the Oneida Community, and about twenty Shaker communities. Most of these communities failed. However, they show the rising idealism and influx of new philosophies and ideas from Europe in America.
Restorationism- Americans had a desire to restore a “purer form” of Christianity after the American Revolution, as shown by the Mormons, Baptists, and Shakers forming during the Second Great Awakening. This shows the new idealism in America, as well as the people’s need for separation from their European ancestors.
Social Gospel- The Social Gospel of the late 19th century was a manifestation of the new resurgence of Christianity in the Second Great Awakening. It was the belief that to achieve salvation, one must not only repent themselves, but work for the moral perfection of society. This shows the practical application of the rising religiousness in the late 19th century.

24. POL-6: Key Concept 5.1.II
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- This treaty gave the U.S. Texas with the Rio Grande as a border, as well as CA and a large area of NM, AZ, NV, UT, WY, and CO. This was extremely controversial and divisive, as it raised the question of whether or not each state would be a slave state or not, with this issue being “solved” by the Compromise of 1850.
Missouri Compromise (1820)- This law, devised by “the great compromiser” Henry Clay, asserted that slavery was to be prohibited north of 36°30′, excluding the state of Missouri. While this compromise slightly helped postpone the war, it signifies the rising tensions between the South and the North, with Thomas Jefferson describing the line as “a fire bell in the night” that would eventually lead to the “knell of the Union.”
Kansas-Nebraska Act- This act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and decided that these two states would decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty; this would eventually lead to bleeding Kansas, where people from both sides of the argument flooded into the state to win the debate.
Compromise of While many politicians believed California should be a free state, based on his correspondence with the governor of the territory, the south would not go down without a fight. A 73 year old Henry Clay created possibly his biggest compromise yet with this plan, admitting CA as a free state, strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act, and compensating the southern states $10 million. While the North had already clearly won by getting California, northerners absolutely refused to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act on moral grounds, making tensions far, far, far, worse.
Ostend Manifesto- This 1854 document detailed an offering to buy Cuba from Spain and contained an ultimatum to declare war on them if they refused. The south wanted this because they wanted to institute slavery in as many places as possible, but when this reason was publicized, the plan was cancelled due to Northern backlash.

25. POL-6: Key Concept 6.3.I
Referendum- A referendum is a submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate. Progressives strived for this, along with recall and initiative, because they wanted more active community involvement in government affairs, especially local ones, so they could reform the huge influence big business had on government.
Socialism- During the Gilded Age, socialist ideas were growing throughout the world. In America, the Socialist party formed, gaining a considerable share of the vote in some elections, likely due to its offering of reform in regards to big business politics. It also caused the red scare, in which anti-socialism became more inflamed than socialism itself.
Interstate Commerce Act- The ICA of 1887 was one success for the progressives in the Gilded Age: Congress had declared that railroads would be subject to Federal regulation, laying the first groundwork for government regulation in private business, which would culminate with the Sherman Antitrust Act under TR and the New Deal under FDR.
The Sherman Antitrust Act was a landmark federal statute that prohibited massive trusts, most notably John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, from engaging anti- competitive business practices. This was a massive success for the reform-minded progressives.
Social Darwinism- This was an ever-rising belief during the gilded age that every man was responsible for himself, and that only the fit shall “survive,” or make it rich. This was in part justification for massive billionaires like JDR and Andrew Carnegie.

26. POL-7 Analyze how debates over civil rights and civil liberties have influenced political life from the early 20th century through the early 21st century
Key Concept 8.2.3: As many liberal principles came to dominate postwar politics and court decisions, liberalism came under attack from the left as well as from resurgent conservative movements.
Key Concept 8.2.I- Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political success in ending segregation, although progress toward equality was slow and halting.
9.2 2: Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy and military involvement focused on a war on terrorism, which also generated debates about domestic security and civil rights.

27. Key Concept 8.2.3
Griswold v. Connecticut was a court case in which the decision struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, creating a "right to privacy."
Miranda v. Arizona was another court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that those who were arrested had the "right to remain silent.
Students for a Democratic Society, founded in Michigan 1962, was a radical organization that wanted to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence. They embraced liberal reforms and advocated participatory democracy.
Black Panthers were an organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They were much more radical than the non-violent side of of the civil rights movement.

28. Key Concept 8.2.I
Fannie Lou Hamer- Fannie Lou Hamer was a voting rights activist, civil rights leader, and philanthropist, as well as the vice-chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. She was the daughter of sharecropper parents, and her activism was monumental in achieving racial equality in politics, specifically the Democratic Party.
John Lewis- John Lewis is the only surviving “Big Six” leader of the Civil Rights Movement, and played a major role in ending systematic racism and discrimination in the south during the 60s. His activism in politics and civil rights has been instrumental in the increase in power of African-Americans in politics in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Thurgood Marshall- Thurgood Marshall was an esteemed lawyer, who won the Brown v. Board of Education lawsuit that desegregated public schools. He was also the first African- American Supreme Court justice in American history, being appointed by Lyndon Johnson in 1967.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.- While many have never heard of him, Dr. King was, by far, the most influential civil rights leader in American history, and quite possibly one of the most influential figures in all of American history. His fiery rhetoric empowered blacks and invoked empathy in racists, and without him, the Civil Rights Movement could have possibly not been completed to the extent it was or at the time it was.
Rosa Parks- Rosa Parks’s bravery—refusing to stand up for a white man on a bus – seems relatively minor. However, her actions are what empowered many around her: after this, blacks saw what was possible and the impact civil disobedience can have, inspiring them to finally stand up against the oppressive Jim Crow laws.

29. Key Concept 9. 2-2: Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, U. S
Key Concept 9.2-2: Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy and military involvement focused on a war on terrorism, which also generated debates about domestic security and civil rights.
Operation Enduring Freedom and the War on Terrorism: changed political landscape of America up to the present, caused many arguments over how to handle the situation.
George W. Bush: After declaring war, approval rating rose to 94%. Shows that through an act of terror, the U.S was united and had an admiration for war decision.
NSA surveillance: After 9/11, NSA revealed extent to which they were using surveillance. Caused arguments over whether this was an act of protection or an invasion of privacy by the federal govt.
The Green Party: New party whose focus is on peace and participatory democracy. Formed as a result of war and strongly disagreed with our involvement.
Dept. of Homeland Security: DHS put 22 agencies into one that reports to Congress. Formed to protect the U.S but is understaffed and lacks funding. Caused political strife and deemed a failure.

30. Broad Trends and Processes
Throughout the history of the United States, the interpretation of the constitution has been discussed, debated, and analyzed as perhaps the most pervasive question in the country’s history. The arguments between “strict” and “loose” interpretations have been present since the days of John Marshall, who greatly increased the power of the central government with cases like Marbury v. Madison, as well as during the Civil War. Today, issues like marijuana legalization and gay rights are debated over whether they are under authority of states or the federal government. Overall, the government has become more and more powerful throughout the nation’s history.