Inside the Earth Bellringer Section 1

Inside the Earth Bellringer Section 1
If you journeyed to the center of the Earth, what do you think you would see along the way? Draw an illustration of the journey in your science binder. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Inside the Earth Objectives Section 1
Identify the layers of the Earth by their composition. Identify the layers of the Earth by their physical properties. Describe a tectonic plate. Explain how scientists know about the structure of Earth’s interior. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

There are 2 ways that the earth can be divided into layers
1) Composition (What it’s made of) 2) Physical Properties (What it looks like) The layers based on composition are: Crust Mantle Core The layers based on physical properties are: Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer Core Inner Core

The Crust The Composition of the Earth
(Based on what the layers are made of) The Crust The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. The crust is 5 to 100 km thick. It is the thinnest layer of the Earth. Made mostly of the elements silicon, oxygen, & aluminum There are two types of crust: Oceanic and Continental * Oceanic crust has almost twice as much iron, calcium, & magnesium which makes it denser & heavier than continental crust. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core is the mantle.
The mantle is 2,900km thick. The mantle has more magnesium, less silicon, and less aluminum than the earth’s crust. This makes the mantle denser than the crust. *Magma from the mantle flows out of active volcanoes on the ocean floor. This is how we know what the mantle is made of. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

This is the densest layer
The Core The layer of the Earth that extends from below the mantle to the center of the Earth is the core. It has a radius of 3,430 km Scientists think that the Earth’s core is made mostly of iron with some nickel. This is the densest layer Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Composition of the Earth
Section 1 The Composition of the Earth Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Physical Structure of the Earth
(What it looks like) The Earth is divided into five physical layer lithosphere: Outer most layer – very rigid (hard) – made of the crust and upper part of the mantle ( km) Asthenosphere: “plastic” soft layer (this means that the rock is a solid but can be shaped easily and flows slowly) - made of the middle part of the mantle. The hard pieces of the lithosphere “float” on the asthenosphere (250 km) mesosphere: strong lower part of the mantle (2,550 km) outer core: Liquid layer (2,220 km) 5) inner core: solid layer made mostly of iron (1,230 km) Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

QUESTION Go back to your notes on the physical structure of the earth and highlight the words that describe the physical structure. Example: Under lithosphere, highlight “very rigid (hard)”

Remember This Lisa (Lithosphere) Ate (Asthenosphere) My (Mesosphere) Oreo Cookie (Outer Core) Ice Cream (Inner Core)

The Earth’s Crust, Lithosphere, and Atmosphere
Section 1 The Earth’s Crust, Lithosphere, and Atmosphere Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Earth’s Mesosphere, Outer Core, and Inner Core
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere.
Each tectonic plate fits together with the tectonic plates that surround it. Many tectonic plates not only consist of the upper part of the mantle but also consist of both oceanic crust and continental crust. Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Tectonic Plates Section 1

Mapping the Earth’s Interior
When an earthquake happens, vibrations called seismic waves are made. Seismic waves travel at different speeds depending on the density and composition of material that they pass through. Example: seismic waves travel faster through solids When an earthquake happens, machines called seismographs measure the times at which different seismic waves arrive and record the differences in their speeds. Seismologists can then use these measurements to calculate the density and thickness of Earth’s layers. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Restless Continents Bellringer Section 2
Judge what is meant by the following statement: “The United States is moving westward.” From what you know about geology and plate tectonics explain if you believe this statement to be true or false. Record your answer in your science journal. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Restless Continents Objectives Section 2
Describe Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift. Explain how sea-floor spreading provides a way for continents to move. Describe how new oceanic lithosphere forms at mid-ocean ridges. Explain how magnetic reversals provide evidence for sea-floor spreading. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis
Section 2 Restless Continents Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis What Is Continental Drift? Continental drift is the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. The Breakup of Pangaea Pangaea Pangea, a single huge continent, existed about 245 million years ago. Pangaea split into two large continents— Laurasia and Gondwana— about 180 million years ago. The next slide shows how Pangaea eventually broke up into the continents that exist today. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Breakup of Pangaea Section 2

Restless Continents Sea-Floor Spreading Section 2
Mid-Ocean Ridges and Sea-Floor Spreading Mid-ocean ridges are places where sea-floor spreading takes place.Sea-floor spreading is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies. Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading: Magnetic Reversals When Earth’s magnetic poles change places, this change is called a magnetic reversal. Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading Magnetic reversals are recorded over time in oceanic crust. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Sea-Floor Spreading Section 2

The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Bellringer If the sea floor is spreading an average of 4 cm a year, how many years did it take New York and the west coast of Africa to reach their current locations, 676,000,000 cm apart? Calculate your answer in your science journal. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Objectives Describe the three types of tectonic plate boundaries. Describe the three forces thought to move tectonic plates. Explain how scientists measure the rate at which tectonic plates move. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Tectonic Plate Boundaries Convergent Boundaries When two tectonic plates collide, the boundary between them is a convergent boundary. Divergent Boundaries When two tectonic plates separate, the boundary between them is called a divergent boundary. Transform Boundaries When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, the boundary between them is a transform boundary. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Tectonic Plate Boundaries: A
Section 3 Tectonic Plate Boundaries: A Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Tectonic Plate Boundaries: B
Section 3 Tectonic Plate Boundaries: B Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion Movement of the Asthenosphere The solid rock of the asthenosphere flows very slowly. This movement occurs because of changes in density within the asthenosphere. These density changes are caused by the outward flow of thermal energy from deep within the Earth. As you can see on the next slide, movements of the asthenosphere may lead to tectonic plate motion. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion
Section 3 Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Tracking Tectonic Plate Motion Measuring Tectonic Plate Movement Tectonic plate movements are so slow and gradual that you can’t see or feel them— the movement is measured in centimeters per year. The Global Positioning System Scientists use a system of satellites called the global positioning system (GPS) to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Bellringer Compare the mountains in the photographs. Write a description of each mountain, and suggest how it might have formed. Do you know where these various types of mountains are found in the world? Have you ever visited any of them? Would it ever be dangerous to study them? Record your responses in your science journal. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Objectives Describe two types of stress that deform rocks. Describe three major types of folds. Explain the differences between the three major types of faults. Identify the most common types of mountains. Explain the difference between uplift and subsidence. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Deformation What Is Deformation? The process by which the shape of a rock changes because of stress is called deformation. Compression and Tension The type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed, such as when two tectonic plates collide, is called compression. Another form of stress is tension. Tension is stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Folding What Is Folding? The bending of rock layers because of stress in the Earth’s crust is called folding. Types of Folds The two most common types of folds— anticlines, or upward-arching folds, and synclines, down-ward, trough-like folds. Another type of fold is a monocline. In a monocline, rock layers are folded so that both ends of the fold are horizontal. To remember the difference think of “sinners” and “Angels” Angels (“A” - anticline) go to heaven and sinners (“Syn” – sinner) go to down. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Faulting Normal Faults When a normal fault moves, it causes the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall. Reverse Faults When a reverse fault moves, it causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall. Telling the Difference Between Faults You can what kind of fault a fault is by looking at the order of sedimentary rock layers on each side of the fault. Strike-Slip Faults Strike-slip faults form when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Faults

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building Folded Mountains Folded mountains form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward. Fault-Block Mountains Fault-block mountains form when this tension causes large blocks of the Earth’s crust to drop down relative to other blocks. Volcanic Mountains The rock that is melted in subduction zone forms magma, which rises to the Earth’s surface and erupts to form volcanic mountains. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Mountains

Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s Crust Uplift and Subsidence Uplifting of Depressed Rocks Uplift often happens when a weight is removed from the crust. Subsidence of Cooler Rocks Rocks that are hot take up more space than cooler rocks. The farther the lithosphere is from the ridge, the cooler and denser the lithosphere becomes. Because the oceanic lithosphere now takes up less volume, the ocean floor subsides. Tectonic Letdown Subsidence can also occur when the lithosphere becomes stretched in rift zones. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" End of Slide Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Plate Tectonics Concept Map Chapter 7
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: transform boundaries, tectonic plates, converge, divergent boundaries, diverge. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7 Concept Map Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Inside the Earth Bellringer Section 1

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