1. Holocaust
From

2. “Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews. As soon as I have the power to do so, I will have gallows built in rows --- at the Marienplatz in Munich, for example --- as many as traffic allows. Then the Jews will be hanged indiscriminately, and they will remain hanging until they stink; they will hang there as long as the principles of hygiene permit. As soon as they have been united, the next batch will be strung up, and so on down the line, until the last Jew in Munich has been exterminated. Other cities will follow suit, precisely in this fashion, until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews.
-Hitler, Mein Kampf

3. Stages Legal repression and emigration Kristallnacht
Resettlement and deportation
Concentration and labor camps
Ghettos
Pogroms
Death Squads
Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution

4. Legal Repression and Emigration
1930s faced legal, economic, and social rights restrictions
Jews excluded from:
Owning farms
Being lawyers and judges
No civil servants
Veterans from WWI could keep their positions UNITL 1937
1935- Nuremberg Laws

5. Nuremberg Laws Passed in 1935 Prohibited Jews from marrying Aryans
Annulled existing marriages
Protecting German blood
Could not serve as civil servants
Stripped German Jews of their citizenship
No civil rights

6. Emigration Jewish intellectuals were the first to leave
Albert Einstein visited the US in 1933
Returned to Belgium and never to Germany
Eventually in the U.S.
Sigmund Freud
Left Austria in 1938 and never returned

7. Japanese Policy of Prohibition of Persecution
1936 German-Japanese Pact
1938 Japan decided against forcing out Jews in Japan
Japanese foreign minister said:
“I am the man responsible for the alliance with Hitler, but nowhere have I promised that we would carry out his antisemitic policies in Japan.”

8. Kristallnacht November 7, 1938 “The Night of the Broken Glass” Damage:
7,000 Jewish shops
1,668 synagogues
91 dead?
30,000 sent to concentration camps
Prove they were emigrating soon, or gave everything to the Nazis

9. Kristallnacht continued
Results:
Jews were restricted to carry weapons
Expected Jews to pay for the damages from the attacks
Collectively pay an “atonement tax” = over a billion Reichsmarks
Emigration rapidly increased

11. Resettlement and Deporation
Tried to convince Britain and France
To accept Jews in colonies
Australia
British Locations
Palestine
Guinea
French Locations
Madagascar

12. Madagascar Seriously considered
Harsh weather would lead to high death rate
Isolated
Never used, the mass killings started first
Decided to send Jews east toward Russia

13. Concentration and Labor Camps
Dachau
One of the first
Used to hold, torture, or kill political prisoners
Including Communist and Social Democrats
By 1939, heavy concentration of Jews and POWs

14. Concentration Continued
Over 15,000 camps were created
Many of these in Poland
People were used as slave labor, undernourished and tortured
Stages:
Arrive on freight cars
Separated in categories
Worked to death

15. Ghettos (1940-1945) Confined Jews to small parts of town
Warsaw was the largest at 380,000 people
Held nearly 400,000 people or 30% of the Warsaw population
Only 2.4% of the land
9.2 people per room of a home
Judenrat ran the ghetto
German-appointed Jewish community leaders
Controlled the food, water, heat, medicine, and shelter

16. Judenrat Expected to form a list of Jews to be “sent away”
Refused to go any further
Many committed suicide or were shot for their actions
Uprising did occur, usually not with any success

17. Pogroms (1939-1942) Violent mob attacks on Jews
Some government encouraged, some spontaneous
Carried out by local residents
Death tolls could reach from just a few to 14,000.

18. Death Squad (1941-1943) Einsatzgruppen (part of the SS)
Job was to eliminate (execute) Jews
Execution done publicly and often included local help
Used mainly machine guns and hand grenades
Had killing sites outside of major towns

19. Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution
Goring had protected Jewish workers from executions
Himmler wanted them all dead
After the Battle of Britain, Goring lost his credibility
The Final solution was to execute all Jewish members of society
It was to costly to keep them in prison or shoot them
Started using Zyklon-B

20. Total Deaths Poland 3,000,000 or 90% Baltic Countries 228,000 or 90%
Germany & Austria 210,000 or 90%
Bohemia & Moravia 80,000 or 89%
Slovakia 75,000 or 83%
Greece 54,000 or 77%
Netherlands 105,000 or 75%
Hungary 450,000 or 70%
Byelorussian SSR 245,000 or 65%
Ukrainian SSR 900,000 or 60%
Belgium 40,000 or 60%

21. Deaths Continued Yugoslavia 26,000 or 60% Romania 300,000 or 50%
Norway 890 or 41%
France 90,000 or 26%
Bulgaria 14,000 or 22%
Italy 8,000 or 20%
Luxembourg 1,000 or 20%
Russian SFSR 107,000 or 11%
Finland 22 or 1%
Denmark 52 or less then 1%

22. Totals
To begin the war, there were 8,861,800 (estimated) Jews in Europe
5,933,900 (estimated) were killed during the war
Millions of other ethnic groups were killed as well (Slavs, Ethnic Poles, Serbs, Soviet POWs, Romani, etc…)