1. “What were the causes and effects of the Progressive Movement?”
The Progressive Era
“What were the causes and effects of the Progressive Movement?”

2. SSUSH13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era. a.  Explain Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and federal oversight of the meat packing industry. b.  Identify Jane Addams and Hull House, and the role of women in reform movements. c.  Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP. d.  Explain Ida Tarbell's role as a muckraker. e.  Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, the recall, and referendum, direct election of senators, reform of labor laws and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

3. Read Chapter 17!
Compare and contrast populism and Progressivism.

4. The Drive for Reform Section 1
“What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?”
Vocabulary:
Progressivism Jane Addams
muckraker direct primary
Lincoln Steffens initiative
Jacob Riis referendum
Social Gospel recall
settlement house

5. The Drive for Reform Origins of Progressivism
Main Idea: The Progressive Movement was started to fight for a variety of political, social, and religious problems.
Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform
Main Idea: Journalists called muckrakers and fiction writers brought social problems to the public’s attention.
Progressives Reform Society
Main Idea: As Progressives gained support, they achieved reforms for the poor and children and improved the education system and working conditions for industrial workers.
Reforming Government
Main Idea: Progressives made changes to local governments and reformed election rules to give citizens more power. Progressive leaders were elected into offices in many states, making it easier for reforms to occur.
Continued…

6. The Progressive Era
The American Progressive Era occurred in the years before and after the turn of the 20th century
It lasted approximately 25 years
1890 to 1916
Caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration
The time period was typified by many reforms at the city, state, and federal levels

7. 3 Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt Republican
The “Square Deal” and “New Nationalism”
William Howard Taft Republican
Dollar Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson Democrat
The New Freedom

8. Roots of Progressive Movement
The roots of the Progressivism are in the late 19th century and resulted from four arenas of concern:
The fight against corruption and inefficiency in government
Big-city political machines and government corruption
Concerns about the welfare of the urban poor from settlement-house workers and other reformers
- Concerned with slum living conditions, child labor, and work hours and conditions
The effort to regulate and control big business growing out of the Granger and Populist movements
Issues from farmers and the working class
These also included concerns about the gold standard
Equal Rights for women and minorities
The struggle for women’s suffrage
The “birth” of the Civil Rights Era
*What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve?
Problems in the areas of politics and government, business,
social welfare, and labor conditions

9. Muckrakers
TR called writers who wrote about wrongdoing in politics and business “muckrakers”
(Because they dug up the muck/dirt).
They were the journalists alerted public to wrongdoing by investigating issues and publicizing the results.
Readers pressured legislators to pass new laws attempting to fix these problems.

10. Muckrakers Reveal the Need to Reform
Journalists uncover injustices
-Lincoln Steffens – editor of McClure’s Magazine
-“The Shame of the Cities”- articles on political corruption
Jacob Riis – photographer for the New York Evening Sun
-published How the Other Half Lives – photos of tenements

11. Important Progressive Author and Photographer
Jacob Riis
In his 1890 landmark book, How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis discussed the dismal conditions in which thousands of New York immigrants lived.
Most of the residential tenements were "unventilated, fever-breeding structures" that housed multiple families
His pictures helped document the living conditions and bring about changes
*What role did journalists and other writers play in the Progressive Movement?
Wrote sensational reports on problems in the U.S.

12. Infographic: Exposing How the Other Half Lives

13. Ida Tarbell – famous Muckraker
Wrote The History of Standard Oil
Reported that John D. Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charge higher prices and reap huge profits
Worked for McClure’s
Her articles led to the breakup of Standard Oil

14. Novelists Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle
Related the horrors of the Chicago stockyards, revealing the unsanitary conditions
Related the despair of immigrants who worked there

15. Other Important Progressives
Theodore Dreisel: Novelist and author of Sister Carrie
Walter Rauschenbusch: Social reformer and author of Social Gospel who believed that the Bible’s teachings had instructions for how to teach the poor.

16. Progressives Reform Society
Social Gospel Guides Reform
Settlement Houses
-Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago
-By 1911, country had more than 400 settlement houses

17. Protecting Children and Improving Education
Florence Kelley – helped ban child labor
Helped create the U.S. Children’s Bureau to protect health and welfare of children
Child labor not ended for good until 1938
John Dewey wanted students to think creatively and to teach new subjects like history and geography

18. Chart: Children Enrolled in Public Schools and Employed 1870-1930

19. Progressives Help Industrial Workers
In the early 1900s, 30,000 workers died on the job
March 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 workers
Led to laws to make workplaces safer
Workers’ compensation laws
Efforts to limit workday to 10 hours
*How did Progressives work to help the urban poor?
Helped the urban poor by establishing settlement houses, working to end child labor, improving education, and improving workplace conditions

20. The Fire
On May 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the upper floors of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory.
Many workers could not escape as the doors had been locked to prevent unauthorized breaks and union agitation.

21. Results of the Fire
The factory owners were found innocent of negligence in criminal trials.
In civil suits they were order to pay $75 per dead worker.
New York’s Tammany Hall created a series of labor laws that protected the workers’ safety.

22. Reforming Government Reform of city government
-Commission form of government
Progressives reform election rules
-direct primary: citizens vote to select nominees
-initiative: people propose new law directly
-referendum: citizens approve or reject laws that have been passed
-recall: voters remove public servants from office before terms expire

23. Transparency: City Commission

24. Progressive Governors Take Charge
Robert La Follette of Wisconsin – railroad reform, improved education, make factories safer, adopted direct primary
Hiram Johnson of California – ended Southern Pacific Railroad’s dominance of state government, instituted direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall, protected natural resources
*How did Progressive reformers change local and state government?
Realized that it would be necessary to reform the political process in order to make social reforms (direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall)

25. Analyzing Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption
TRANSPARENCY
Transparency: Analyzing Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption

26. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Details

27. The First Area of Reform The Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and Politics

28. The First Area of Reform The Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and Politics T
Cause: Political corruption
Results:
Direct Primary
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
17th amendment
Commission form of city government (Galveston Plan)

29. The Second Area of Reform Concerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor

30. The Second Area of Reform Concerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor
Jane Addams – Hull House
Florence Kelley – ban child labor- U.S. Children’s Bureau
Keating-Owens Act – banned child labor, but was ruled unconstitutional
John Dewey – education – mandatory age
Margaret Sanger – birth control
Cities added parks, playgrounds fire regulations, utilities
Muller v. Oregon – limit women’s work hours to 10 per day
Temperance Movement – 18th Amendment
National Urban League

31. The Third Area of Reform The Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business

32. The Third Area of Reform The Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business (Economy)
Hepburn Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
16th Amendment
Federal Reserve Act
Federal trade Commission (FTC)
Clayton Antitrust Act
Workingman’s Compensation Act
Conservation
Labor Strikes

33. The Fourth Area of Reform The Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities

34. The Fourth Area of Reform The Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities
Susan B. Anthony – women’s suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – women’s suffrage
Carrie Chapman Catt – National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Alice Paul – National Woman’s Party (NWP)
19th Amendment
Ida B. Wells – National Association of Colored Women
Florence Kelley – National Consumers League
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois
Niagara Movement – NAACP
Urban League

35. Women Make Progress Section 2
“How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?”
Vocabulary:
-Florence Kelley suffrage
-Carrie Chapman Catt NCL
-temperance movement NAWSA
-Margaret Sanger Alice Paul
-Ida B. Wells Nineteenth
Amendment

36. Progressive Women Expand Reforms
Women Make Progress
Progressive Women Expand Reforms
Main Idea: During the Progressive Movement many women took steps to gain reform for working conditions and family life.
Women Fight for the Right to Vote
Main Idea: Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul were two Progressive leaders who helped reenergize the national suffrage movement. Eventually, they were successful when Congress approved the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

37. Progressive Women Expand Reforms
More women went to college
Hardships of working women
Reformers:
-Florence Kelley – National Consumers League (NCL)
-Margaret Sanger – birth-control clinics
-Ida B. Wells – National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

38. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger was educated as and worked as a nurse.
In her work with poor women on the Lower East Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies.
She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing.
In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to give advice about birth control
This was against the law according to the Comstock Act!!!
*What steps did women take to win workers’ rights?
Successful in some states to reduce work hours for women

39. Transparency: Analyzing Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage

40. Women’s Suffrage Goal of Movement
To get Congress to pass a Constitutional Amendment and get ¾ of the states to ratify it
To get individual states to permit women to vote
Western states had given women the right to vote before the amendment was passed
Women attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 and for the first time formally demanded the right to vote

41. Woman Suffrage
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s political issues
Carrie Chapman Catt worked to promote the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Plan to get Congress to pass a constitutional amendment and to get state legislatures to let women vote

42. Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony led the fight for suffrage.
Anthony was involved in the temperance and abolitionist movements.
She was arrested in 1872 for trying to vote
National American Woman Suffrage (NAWSA) formed in 1890 with Anthony as president

43. Carrie Chapman Catt
From 1890 to 1900 an organizer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she became its president in 1900.
She led the campaign to win suffrage through an amendment to the U.S. Constitution

44. Activists Carry on the Struggle
Alice Paul formed National Woman’s Party (NWP)
Picketed and protested, leading to arrests
Nineteenth Amendment - right to vote “shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex”; August, 1920

45. Two Strategies for Suffrage
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Campaigned for the right to vote
Used conventional means for achieving goal
Congressional Union (CU)
Led by Alice Paul
Used a more militant approach
Picketing, hunger strikes

46. Graph: Passages of Women’s Suffrage

47. The 19th Amendment
Section 1: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 
Section 2: Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation
Ratified August 24, 1920 when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment.
*What tactics did Progressive women use to win the right to vote?
Lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment, held marches and hunger strikes, got some states to pass suffrage laws

48. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

49. The Struggle Against Discrimination Section 3
“What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?”
Vocabulary:
-Americanization NAACP
-Booker T. Washington Urban League
-W.E.B. Du Bois mutualistas
-Niagara Movement
-Anti-Defamation League

50. The Struggle Against Discrimination
Progressivism Presents Contradictions
Main Idea: Although many reforms occurred during the Progressive Era, many non-whites and immigrants also suffered as Protestants tried to force Americanization on them. Racism was prevalent even among Progressives, and segregation became the norm in many areas of the country.
African Americans Demand Reforms
Main Idea: African American leaders organized to gain reforms. Their efforts led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League.
Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights
Main Idea: Jews, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans formed groups to help fight for their rights in the early 1900’s.

51. What do we mean by “Civil Rights"?
The term civil rights refers to rights, freedoms and liberties and that should be given to people no matter their race, ethnicity, lifestyles, or beliefs
They also can refer to the nonpolitical rights of a citizen or person

52. The 14th Amendment
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

53. The Birth of Jim Crow Laws
After the Civil War most states in the South passed anti-African American legislation.
These became known as Jim Crow laws.
This included laws that discriminated against African Americans with concern to attendance in public schools and the use of facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas and public baths.
Trains and buses were also segregated and in many states marriage between whites and African American people.
*What attitudes did most Progressives hold about minorities and immigrant groups?
Prejudiced against those who were nonwhite,
non-Protestant, and non-middle class; worked
to Americanize immigrants

54. African Americans Demand Reform
Booker T. Washington – told African Americans to move slowly toward racial progress
W.E.B. Du Bois – urged African Americans to demand immediate rights
Niagara Movement – denounced gradual progress in achieving rights
NAACP – help African Americans use the courts to challenge unfair laws
Urban League – helped poor in cities

55. Booker T. Washington Former slave and founder of Tuskegee Institute
School for blacks that taught farming, carpentry, brick making, shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking
Believed that blacks should first build economic power and then political power would follow
September, 1895, Washington became a national figure when one of his speeches was widely reported by the country's newspapers.
Washington's conservative views made him popular with white politicians
Other African-American leaders did not agree with his ideas and the movement split

56. Counter Movement to Tuskegee
WEB Du Bois
Led the Niagara Movement
Called for the end of racism NOW! (Think Niagara Falls!)
Did not agree with B.T. Washington and charged that the best and the brightest must lead the others towards equality now through politics and a quest for justice.
The Souls of Black Folks- most famous publication

57. Excerpt from “The Souls of Black Folks”
Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line.
W.E.B.Du Bois

58. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The NAACP was organized in 1909
Concern over race riots and Jim Crow
Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and combined forces with whites to overcome inequalities and violence
WEB Du Bois charged that Booker T. Washington was not helping the cause by remaining quiet
The NAACP grew rapidly into a national group
Is still important today in civil rights causes

59. The Urban League Civil Rights group formed in 1911
Focused on poor, working class blacks in the cities
Helped with jobs and education
Ida B. Wells
Worked for reform for black women
Formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
Helped bring about social change
*Why did African Americans and others decide it was time to organize against discrimination?
Because of widespread segregation and growing problem with African American men being denied the right to vote in the South

60. Plessey v Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court case concerning the legality of having separate railroad cars for white
Did this violate the “equal protection” clause of the 14th Amendment??
The Supreme Court said, “NO”, citing the idea of “separate but equal”
Set back equality for blacks almost 70 years

61. Reducing Prejudice Anti-Defamation League – aided Jews
Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) – aided Mexicans in Arizona
Mutualistas – made loans and provided legal assistance to Mexicans
Society of American Indians – protest federal Indian policy
Asian Americans – keep land by putting it in children’s names

62. The Anti- Defamation League
Civil Rights group formed in 1913
Focused on defending Jews and others who were being verbally abused or attacked
Focused on “securing justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike…”

63. Louis D. Brandeis In 1916, Brandeis was appointed to the Supreme Court
First Jewish justice on the Supreme Court
Known as “the people’s lawyer”

64. Unsuccessful Progressive Reforms for Other Ethnic Groups
Mexican Americans
Formed the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) to fight against discrimination
Native Americans
Their removal to reservations AND the Dawes Act had destroyed their way of life and culture
Carlos Montezuma campaigned for equal rights but they were not granted citizenship until the 1920’s
Asian Americans
Fought unfair laws concerning property laws unsuccessfully
Were not allowed to become citizens
*What strategies did other minority groups use to defend their rights?
Self-help agencies and social justice organizations plus some took legal action

65. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Main Idea and Details

66. Compare Viewpoints: How should we respond to discrimination?
COMPARING VIEWPOINTS
How should we respond to discrimination?
Compare Viewpoints: How should we respond to discrimination?

67. Transparency: Organizing for Civil Rights

68. Roosevelt’s Square Deal Section 4
“What did Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?”
Vocabulary:
-Theodore Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot
-Square Deal Hepburn Act
-Meat Inspection Act New Nationalism
-Pure Food and Drug Act John Muir
-Progressive Party
-National Reclamation Act

69. Theodore Roosevelt

70. Sec 4: Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency
Main Idea: When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901, he expanded the powers of the President and shaped the modern presidency. He fought for reform proposals that would keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of the poor.
Trustbusting and Regulating Industry
Main Idea: During Roosevelt’s presidency, the government enacted many reforms involving labor unions, control of shipping costs, antitrusts, and the food and drug industries.
The Government Manages the Environment
Main Idea: Following the advice of naturalists, Roosevelt closed off land and pushed for laws that would conserve water.
Roosevelt and Taft Differ
Main Idea: When Taft was elected President, he changed many of Roosevelt’s policies, including relaxing control of trusts. His policies encouraged Roosevelt to seek another term in office.
Continued…
Sec 4: Roosevelt’s Square Deal 70

71. Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Spanish-American War – formed the Rough Riders
Governor of New York
McKinley’s Vice President in 1900
McKinley assassinated
Expanded the power of the Presidency
Program called the Square Deal – goal to keep wealthy from taking advantage of small business owners and poor
What did Roosevelt want his Square Deal program to achieve?
A fair, honest, and just society in which everyone had an equal chance to succeed

72. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas72

73. TR’s Antitrust Activism
TR used the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
Had never been vigorously enforced
Government sued Northern Securities Company (holding company that controlled railroads in the Northwest)
U.S. won the case in the Supreme Court
42 other antitrust actions under Roosevelt
Successful in controlling business yet still believed in supporting business
President Wilson created the Federal Trade Commission in 1914
Monitored businesses for unfair practices
Continued TR’s “trust-busting”

74. Types of Monopolies/Trusts
Horizontal Integration  John D Rockefeller
Vertical Integration:
Gustavus Swift  Meat-packing
Andrew Carnegie  U. S. Steel

75. Trustbusting and Regulating Industry
Mine Strike, 1902
Hepburn Act 1906 – gave Interstate Commerce Commission enforcement powers
Sherman Antitrust Act – Supreme Court ruled Northern Securities Company was illegal trust
Meat Inspection Act – federal agents to inspect any meat sold across state lines
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 – controls on other foods and on medicines; controls labeling, and tests drugs
*What impact did Roosevelt’s actions have on the government’s role in the economy?
Increased the role of the government in regulating the economy and labor issues

76. The Labor Movement
Main goal of labor movement was to reduce hours and gain better wages and working conditions
Faced stiff opposition from employers who used injunctions to stop workers from going on strike

77. Government Manages the Environment
John Muir – Yosemite National Park, 1890
Set aside 100 million acres of forestland
Gifford Pinchot – “rational use” of forests

78. TR’s Environmental Reform
National Reclamation Act
Set aside money from the sale of public lands to fund the construction of irrigation systems in arid states
Set aside 200 million acres for national forests and parks
John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt in Yosemite taken from Glacier Point during their 1903 camping trip.

79. "There can be nothing in the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of the giant sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people should see to it that they are preserved for their children and their children's children forever, with their majestic beauty all unmarred.“
-Theodore Roosevelt

80. John Muir and Gifford Pinchot
California naturalist
Instrumental in creation of first national park, Yellowstone
Gifford Pinchot
Appointed as first head of the Division of Forestry by TR
Recommended that publicly-owned forests be preserved for public use

81. Roosevelt’s Water Policy
Arguments over water in the arid West
National Reclamation Act gave government power to decide how water to be distributed
Government built dams and reservoirs
*How did Roosevelt’s policies affect the environment?
National wild lands would now be managed for their natural resources, and water reclamation projects would irrigate much desert land in the Southwest. Preserved 100 million acres of wild lands

82. Roosevelt and Taft Differ
Taft’s Justice Department brought twice as many lawsuits against large companies
Taft fired Gifford Pinchot for criticizing Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger for selling federal land with coal deposits in Alaska
New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s program to restore trustbusting power
Progressive Party – Roosevelt ran in 1912
Taft ran for Republican Party in 1912

83. William Howard Taft’s Presidency
Elected in 1908 with the support of Roosevelt
Had been Roosevelt’s Secretary of War
Pursued 90 antitrust cases
Progressives wanted tariffs reduced but Taft did not support a reduction, angering some members of his party (including TR!!)
*How did Taft’s policies compare with Roosevelt’s?
Taft took a stronger stance against trusts, supported government control over certain industries, encouraged a federal income tax, and did not lower tariffs as much as Roosevelt wished.

84. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Secretary of Interior Ballinger allowed businessmen to obtain several million acres of Alaskan land, containing coal deposits.
Pinchot of the Forest Service protested and was fired by Taft.
Ballinger was investigated and resigned
He joined Republican party
Other Progressives also dropped out of the party

85. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast85

86. Transparency: Analyzing Political Cartoons: Taft in the White House86

87. Wilson’s New Freedom Section 5
“What steps did Wilson take to increase the government’s role in the economy?”
Vocabulary:
-Woodrow Wilson FTC
-Federal Reserve Act New Freedom
-Sixteenth Amendment
-Clayton Antitrust Act

88. Wilson’s New Freedom Wilson and the Democrats Prevail
Main Idea: In the 1912 presidential election, the Republican Party was divided between Taft and Roosevelt, leading the way for Woodrow Wilson to be elected. Once in office, Wilson developed a Progressive plan that placed strong government control on corporations.
Wilson Regulates the Economy
Main Idea: Wilson worked to give the government more control of the economy. Some of the laws passed during his term included lowering tariffs, reforming the banking system, strengthening antitrust regulation, and supporting labor unions and workers’ rights.
Progressivism Leaves a Lasting Legacy
Main Idea: Changes in the American economy and the government’s role in managing natural resources still have an impact on society today.
Continued... 88

89. Wilson Wins Election of 1912
Democrats – Woodrow Wilson
Progressives – Theodore Roosevelt
Republicans – William Howard Taft
Republicans split the vote, allowing Wilson to win
New Freedom – Wilson’s program to give more freedom to small businesses
*How did Republican divisions help Wilson win the presidency?
Nomination of TR by the Progressive Party split the Republican vote, helping Wilson to win

90. The Election of 1912
TRANSPARENCY 90

91. Chart: Presidential Election of 1912

92. President Wilson’s Reform Policies
Moral/Missionary Diplomacy
Wilson denounced the dollar diplomacy of Taft, emphasizing his idealistic views.
The New Freedom Policy promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening economic competition
Was against big business and big government

93. Wilson Regulates the Economy
Lowered tariffs to reduce price of consumer goods
Sixteenth Amendment - income tax to make up for lost revenue

94. Federal Reserve Act Reform the banking system
National banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board
Regional banks established to hold reserve funds from commercial banks
Sets interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks

95. Wilson Strengthens Antitrust Regulation
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) created to monitor businesses practices that might lead to monopoly, stop false advertising or dishonest labeling
Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened antitrust laws; protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts
Workingman’s Compensation Act – gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees

96. Clayton Antitrust Act 1914
Companies could not use contracts to keep buyers from purchasing from competitors
Could not say unions violated antitrust laws
Made strikes, picketing, and boycotts legal
No court injunctions unless injury to property
What policies did Wilson pursue in support of his New Freedom program?
Pushed for laws that would give the federal government more power over tariffs, banks, and trusts

97. Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas97

98. Progressivism’s Legacy
Political reforms
Nineteenth Amendment
Federal government offered more protection to Americans
American economy based on Antitrust laws, Federal Reserve Board and other federal agencies
Environmental progress
Problems remain

99. Chart: Progressive Era Legislation and Constitutional Amendments99

100. Accomplishments of Progressivism
Redefined the role of government in business and politics
Labor reform, especially for women and children
Amendments to the Constitution
Help for urban Americans
Limits of
Progressivism
Focused on cities, ignoring tenant and migrant farmers
Supported imperialism
Ignored African Americans, worsening race relations
World War I ended Progressive Era

101. Three Other Progressive Amendments
16th Income Tax
Was a progressive income tax
The more money earned, the more money paid
17th Popular election of senators
Formerly selected by state legislators
18th Prohibition
*What was the long-term impact of the Progressive Era on American life?
Established the idea that government can take action to help solve problems in society and the economy