1. I. Native American Women
1. Geographical and Cultural Differences Languages over 200 hundred languages regions and economic Pueblos – agricultural peoples California Tribes - huntergathers heritage 2. Varying Roles, Responsibilities of Women distinctions between gender varied depending on whether they were patri local or matrilocal

2. I. Native American Women
A. Indigenous Peoples before 1492
1. Migration Patterns
2. Women’s Power and Sexual Choices
B. The Pueblo Peoples
1. Pueblo Origins and Groups
2. Women’s and Men’s Work
intense agriculture –labor divided by sex – women focused on inside the community
3. Women in Pueblo Society – focus on fertility – a matrilineal people- older women very important

3. I. Native American Women
C. The Iroquois Confederacy
1. The Confederation
longhouses
egalitarian
matrilineal
2. Power of Women
3. Women’s Work
focus on agriculture as well as what went on inside community
4. Women and Religion

4. I. Native American Women
D. Native Women’s Worlds
1. Commonalities among Native Cultures
Iroquois women had more formal power
women’s economic power common
2. European Misunderstandings of Native Culture
3. Some Acceptance of Transgendering
berdache – sexual power
4. Native Women’s Political, Religious Power
5. Columbian Exchange – interaction between Europeans and Indigenous peoples

5. II. Europeans Arrive A. Early Spanish Expansion
1. Spanish Motives – early motive wealth
2. Impact of European Diseases
3. Male Character of Invasion
4. Emigration of Spanish Women –limited but gradually more; marry older and widows could inherite
5. Women in Spanish Colonies – Marina de San Miguel; Malinche and Cortes
6. Pocahantas
B. Spain’s Northern Frontier
1. Spanish in Pueblo Territory
2. Spanish Relations with Pueblo Peoples

6. II. Europeans Arrive C. Fish and Furs in the North
1. French, Dutch, and English Fish and Begin Fur Trade
2. Impact of Fur Trade on Native Peoples
D. Early British Settlements
1. Queen Elizabeth’s Motives for Expansion – wanted to challenge Isabella from Spain
2. Roanoke Colony – White brought women and eventually community failed
3. Jamestown Colony
4. Tobacco

7. III. African Women and the Atlantic Slave Trade
A. Women in West Africa
1. Women’s Roles in West African Society – women were productive and powerful
2. European Attitudes toward Africans – clothing, mores, sexuality - animalistic
B. The Early Slave Trade
1. African Slave Trade before Europeans
2. Iberian Slave Trade – first to purchase and trade slaves
3. Spread of Slavery to Americas

8. III. African Women and the Atlantic Slave Trade
C. Racializing Slavery
1. Race versus Other Ways of Distinguishing Slaves – skin; debasing and dehumanizing
2. European Attitudes
3. Role of African Women – reproductive labor
D. African Slavery in the Americas
1. Growth, Character of Slave Trade – first lived peacefully with settlers
2. Women’s Roles
3. Plantation System in the Americas