1. Vitamins, Minerals and Food components
Chem-160
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

2. The Nature of Vitamins
Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

3. Fat Soluble Vitamins
A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant
D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios
E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
K – contributes to blood clotting factor
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

4. Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
Vitamin A
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

5. Vitamin A Carotenoids Used in food industry as a colorant (orange)
Antioxidant
Stored in liver
Important for sight
Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

6. Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels
It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

7. Vitamin D
Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble vitamins)
We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
Toxicity is very dangerous
Occurs only from excess supplementation
Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

8. (Rickets reported in NYC.)
Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

9. Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements
Deficiencies are not well understood
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

10. Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

11. Compare water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are carried in the bloodstream; they are not stored, and excess amounts are eliminated with waste products
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and transported by fat; excess amounts are stored by the body for later use.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

12. Water Soluble Vitamins
B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

13. Nutrition
and
Your Health
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

14. The Importance of Good Nutrition
NUTRIENTS: Substances in foods that your body needs to grow, to repair, and to provide energy.
CALORIES: Units of heat that measure the energy used by the body and energy supplied to the body by foods.
The Teen Years
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

15. Nutrients 5-2 Nutrients 6 GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS: Carbohydrates Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

16. They are classified as either simple or complex.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: are the starch and sugars present in food.
They are classified as either simple or complex.
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

17. Complex carbohydrates are starches. Examples include:
whole grains
seeds
legumes
Fiber is an indigestible complex carbohydrate that helps move waste through the digestive system.
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

18. Carbohydrates 5-2 Nutrients Body’s preferred source of energy.
Body converts all carbohydrates to glucose, a simple sugar.
Glucose is not used right away and it is stored as glycogen.
Too many carbohydrates will cause the body to store the excess as fat.
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

19. Carbohydrates 5-2 Nutrients Fructose Lactose.
Simple carbohydrates: are sugars. Examples include:
Glucose
Fructose
Lactose.
5-2 Nutrients
Body’s preferred source of energy.
Body converts all carbohydrates to glucose, a simple sugar.
Glucose is not used right away and it is stored as glycogen.
Too many carbohydrates will cause the body to store the excess as fat.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

20. Proteins
Proteins are nutrients that help build and maintain body cells and tissues.
Proteins have many functions: - Help make new cells. -Help make and repair tissues. - Help make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. - Provide energy.
Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

21. Proteins
Proteins are classified into two groups: complete and incomplete.
Complete proteins contain amounts of all nine essential amino acids.
SOURCES INCLUDE:
*Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and many soybean products.
Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
*Beans, peas, nuts, and whole grains. .
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

22. Fats
Fats are a type of lipid, a fatty substance that do not dissolve in water.
The building blocks of fats are called fatty acids
Fatty Acids are classified as two types
Saturated:
Animal fats and tropical oils
High intake is associated with an increased risk of heart disease
Unsaturated:
Vegetable fats
Associated with a reduced risk of heart disease
Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

23. Fats
Fatty acids that the body needs, but is unable to make are called Essential fatty acids
Transport vitamins A, D, E, and K
Sources of linoleic acid- essential fatty acid that is needed for growth and healthy skin
High intake of saturated fats is linked to increased cholesterol production
Excess cholesterol can lead to an increased risk of heart disease
5-2 Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

24. Vitamins and Minerals Nutrients
Vitamins are compounds that help regulate many vital body processes that include:
Digestion Absorption Metabolism 4. Circulation
Vitamins are classified into two groups:
Nutrients
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and pass easily into the blood during digestion. The body does not store these so they need to be replenished regularly. Includes vitamins C, B1 ,B2, Niacin, B6, Folic acid, and B12. :
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

25. -Calcium -Phosphorus –Magnesium -Iron
Vitamins and Minerals
Minerals
are substances that the body cannot manufacture but are needed for forming healthy bones and teeth and regulating many vital body processes.
Important minerals
-Calcium -Phosphorus –Magnesium -Iron
Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

26. Water Nutrients Water helps to maintain many bodily functions.
Lubricates your joints and mucous membranes.
- Enables you to swallow and digest foods.
Absorb other nutrients, and eliminate wastes.
- Perspiration helps maintain normal body temperature.
Water makes up around 65% of the body.
It’s important to drink at least 8 cups of water a day to maintain health.
Nutrients
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

27. 10 essential minerals required by the body and their best food sources.
Calcium. A crucial mineral for bones, calcium is useful in regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and in maintaining heart health. ...
Magnesium. ...
Phosphorus. ...
Iron. ...
Zinc. ...
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

28. Sodium. ...
Selenium. ...
Potassium.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

29. Major minerals Calcium. Chloride. Magnesium. Phosphorus. Potassium.
Sodium.
Sulfur.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani

30. Micro minerals
Are often referred to as trace minerals, meaning they are present at low levels in the body or required in smaller amounts in the animals diet. Micro minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.
4/28/2018
Dr Seemal Jelani