1. Articulations

2. Articulations
Articulations- joints; the point at which two or more bones meet
There are 3 categories of articulation:
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

3. 3 categories of articulation
Fibrous
Immovable joints
Includes bones of the cranium/skull

4. 3 categories of articulations
Cartilaginous
Slightly moveable
Attached by cartilage
Located in the vertebrae in the spine

5. 3 categories of articulations
Synovial
Freely moveable
Elbow, knee, shoulder, hip, finger, etc.

6. Synovial joint
This type of joint is enclosed in a protective capsule that contains synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid is colorless and contains mineral salts, fat and other substances. This fluid acts as a shock absorber and cushions both ends of the bone so they do not irritate each other.

7. 6 Motion groups for Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket
Shoulder
Pivot
Atlas and Axis vertebrae
Hinge
Elbow and knee
Saddle
Thumb
Condyloid
One of the joints in the wrist
Gliding
Wrist and ankle

14. Project
Make a poster or pamphlet that describes each of the 6 types of synovial joints.
For each one have the following:
Name
Descriptions (look on page 14-31)
Example
Drawing or picture
No more than 6 people in a group

15. Other structures that protect the bones
Bursa
Sac of synovial fluid that reduces friction between tendons, bones, ligaments and other structures
Meniscus
Cartilaginous disc surrounded with fluid that also reduces friction during movement and adds stability

17. Knee Display

18. Types of forces that can damage soft tissue
Injuries to the joints
Types of forces that can damage soft tissue
Compression
Force that crushes the tissue
Tension
Force that pulls and stretches tissue
Shear
Force that moves against the parallel organization of collagen fibers

19. Injuries to the joints Sprain
Overstretching and/or tearing of ligaments or other connective tissue by traumatic twisting of a joint
Symptoms: crepitation, inability to move, deformity, point tenderness, immediate swelling
Sprains vary in degree of intensity
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree

20. Sprain 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree
Over stretching or very mild tear of the ligaments
Symptoms: mild point tenderness, mild loss of strength/function
2nd degree
Partial/moderate tearing of the ligament
Symptoms: swelling, point tenderness, decreased range if motion, and moderate loss of strength/function
3rd degree
Complete tear of the ligments
Symptoms: complete loss of strength/function, point tenderness, swelling, possible deformity

22. Sprains
Treatment
Always compare the injured side with the uninjured side.
Which side should you check first??
Uninjured
This will let you know what the normal appearance and movement should be
Look closely because you wont have a lot of time to check the injured side….It will hurt!

23. Sprain Treatment PRICE P-Protect R-Rest I-Ice C-Compression
Avoid further injury… Don’t let the athlete walk on injured ankle
R-Rest
Rest the injured area
I-Ice
Ice the surrounding tissue immediately for ~20 minutes, 60 minutes no ice. Repeat this cycle for hours during awake hours or until swelling subsides. Protect the skin by using a towel between ice and skin.
C-Compression
Compress with elastic wrap
E-Elevation
Elevate the injured area above heart level

24. Sprain Follow up treatment Isometric strengthening exercises
Flexibility exercises within the athlete’s pain free ROM
Once tissue has recovered, strengthening exercises should move to isotonic exercises
Use a brace if needed while injury heals

25. Sprained Ankle Ankle Sprain
Activity
Partners
One person will be the SAT and one will be the injured athlete
The SAT has to follow HOPS method to assess the ankle injury
Follow ALL steps!

26. What is the most complex joint in the human body?
Knee

27. The Knee Joint: Anterior
Femur
condyles (L,M)
Tibia
condyles (L, M)
Fibula
Patella
Patellar ligament
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar Retinaculae
MCL and LCL

28. The Knee Joint: Posterior
Femur/Tibia/Fibula
Popliteal Ligaments
MCL and LCL

29. Knee Joint deep anterior
MCL
LCL
ACL
PCL
meniscus
medial
lateral

30. Knee Injuries http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00325

31. SHOULDER

33. Rotator Cuff Muscles

34. Shoulder Injuries