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OperanT conditioning.

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Presentation on theme: "OperanT conditioning."— Presentation transcript:

1 OperanT conditioning

2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Operant conditioning: Thorndike and Skinner AP Differences between types of learning/Key contributors Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning - the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. Thorndike’s Law of Effect (Click for video) - law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 LO 5.4 Operant conditioning and Thorndike’s law of effect
AP Interpret graphs from learning experiments Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Skinner’s Contribution
LO Operant conditioning: Thorndike and Skinner AP Key contributors/Differences between types of learning Skinner’s Contribution Behaviorist who wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior. Gave “operant conditioning” its name. Operant - any behavior that is voluntary. Learning depends on what happens after the response — the consequence. (NOT what happens before the response --- the stimulus --- that' Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Click to watch a video of Skinner’s experiments.
LO Skinner’s contribution to operant conditioning AP Key contributors Click to watch a video of Skinner’s experiments. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Important concepts in operant conditioning AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Reinforcement Reinforcement - any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. Primary reinforcer - any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. Secondary reinforcer - any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, gold stars, or money. Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Positive and Negative Reinforcement
LO Important concepts in operant conditioning AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement - the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. Negative reinforcement - the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. Example: Taking aspirin for a headache is negatively reinforced – removal of headache! Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Important concepts in operant conditioning AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Shaping Shaping - the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior. Successive approximations - small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Other Operant Conditioning Concepts
LO Important concepts in operant conditioning AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Other Operant Conditioning Concepts Extinction – occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced. Operantly conditioned responses also can be generalized to stimuli that are only similar to the original stimulus. Spotaneous recovery (reoccurrence of a once extinguished response) also happens in classical conditioning. One way to deal with a child’s temper tantrum is to ignore it. The lack of reinforcement for the tantrum behavior will eventually result in extinction. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 LO 5.5 Important concepts in operant conditioning
AP Differences between types of learning Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.6 How punishment affects behavior AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Punishment Punishment - any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. Punishment by application - the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment by removal - the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 LO 5.6 How punishment affects behavior
AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14 LO 5.6 How punishment affects behavior
AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 How to Make Punishment More Effective
LO 5.6 How punishment affects behavior AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning How to Make Punishment More Effective Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish. Punishment should be consistent. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior. Give examples of effective and ineffective punishments. Why is the reinforcement of the desired behavior EQUALLY important? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Schedules of Reinforcement
LO Schedules of reinforcement AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Partial reinforcement effect - the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction. Continuous reinforcement - the reinforcement of each and every correct response. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17 Schedules of Reinforcement
LO Schedules of reinforcement AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same. Variable interval schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event. Which type of reinforcement is shown in the above photo? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 Schedules of Reinforcement
LO Schedules of reinforcement AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed interval schedule - of reinforcement schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement - schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event. What kind of reinforcement occurs when you use a slot machine? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 5.7 Schedules of reinforcement AP Interpret graphs… Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 Operant Stimuli and Stimulus Control
LO 5.8 How operant stimuli control behavior AP Predict the effects of operant conditioning Operant Stimuli and Stimulus Control Discriminative stimulus - any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. List five examples of discriminative stimuli that you enter at Blackman every day. Identify the response you are expecting to make. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Behavior Resistant to Conditioning
LO 5.8 How operant stimuli control behavior Behavior Resistant to Conditioning Instinctive drift - tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns. Each animal comes into the world (and the laboratory) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place. These instincts differ from species to species. There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning. Name examples of instinctive drift for specific mammals, including humans. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Behavior Modification
LO 5.9 Behavior modification AP Behavior modification,… Behavior Modification Behavior modification - the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior. Token economy - type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens. Time-out - a form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others. Essentially, the organism is being “removed” from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) – modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping to mold a desired behavior or response. Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Biofeedback and Neurofeedback
LO 5.9 Behavior modification AP Behavioral modification, biofeedback,… Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Biofeedback- the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control. Neurofeedback - form of biofeedback using brainscanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior. Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Cognitive Learning Theory
LO Cognitive learning theory AP Essentials of insight, latent, and social learning/Key contributors Cognitive Learning Theory Early days of learning – focus was on behavior. 1950s and more intensely in the 1960s, many psychologists were becoming aware that cognition, the mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaving, could no longer be ignored. Edward Tolman – early cognitive scientist. Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Cognitive learning theory AP Essentials of insight, latent, and social learning/Key contributors Latent Learning Edward Tolman’s best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time (Tolman & Honzik, 1930). Group 1 – rewarded each time at end of maze. Learned maze quickly. Group 2 – in maze every day; only rewarded on 10th day. Demonstrated learning of maze almost immediately after receiving reward. Group 3 – never rewarded. Did not learn maze well. Latent learning - learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. For more information on Tolman and latent learning, click here. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26 LO 5.10 Tolman’s classic study on latent learning AP Key contributors
Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

27 LO 5.10 Tolman’s classic study on latent learning
AP Interpret graphs/Essentials of insight, latent, & social learning Menu Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Cognitive learning theory AP Essentials of insight, latent, & social learning Insight Insight - the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. Cannot be gained through trial- and-error learning alone. “Aha” moment. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO Cognitive learning theory AP …learned helplessness Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness - the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. Click on the camera for a short video on learned helplessness. To help you remember the concept, when have you failed to escape a situation because you experienced learned helplessness? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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