1. 2.3 Carbon based Molecules Carbon is often called the building block of life

2. Carbon is the most important atom found in living things.
It can join to four other atoms at the same time.
It can also form rings and chains, meaning it can make many different molecules.

3. These carbon-based molecules are called organic molecules.
They are found in all living things.

4. Due to its special bonding properties, carbon can form large molecules called macromolecules.
Macro- means large

5. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers.
When monomers link together,
they form polymers.
A polymer is a macromolecule
made up of many monomers
Mono- means one,
Singular
Poly- means many,
multiples

6. Four Major Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

7. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source
The suffix –ose usually indicates a type of sugar.
Example: glucose, fructose, sucrose
Carbohydrates are the main source
of food energy. They are our quick
source of fuel.
They are made of monomers called saccharides, aka simple sugars, like glucose.

8. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate molecules made of only one sugar molecule are called monosaccharides.
Example: Glucose, used for energy
Ribose and Deoxyribose, used to support our genetic material

9. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides can be joined together to make polysaccharides, carbohydrates made of many sugar molecules.
Examples of important polysaccharides:
Starch- how plants store glucose
Cellulose- keeps plant walls strong
Glycogen- how animal cells store glucose

10. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates found in our diet Bread Pasta Whole grains
Starches (potatoes, corn…)

11. Proteins Proteins are built from amino acid monomers (subunits)
Amino acids link together
like beads on a string to
form proteins.

12. Proteins
There are 20 different amino acids used by cells to make proteins. The amino acids are put together using peptide bonds.
Your body can make 12 of these amino acids; the others come from foods that you eat.
This is why proteins
are sometimes called
polypeptides

13. Proteins
The sequence (order of) amino acids in the protein chain determines what protein will be made.
The order of the amino acids is determined by code in the DNA.

14. Proteins Proteins have many different jobs like…
Make up muscles, ligaments, tendons, hair and skin
Act as enzymes to speed up
chemical reactions

15. Proteins
Also act as hormones like insulin; insulin controls blood sugar levels. Proteins in cell membranes help move molecules in & out of cells

16. Proteins
Food sources for protein include meats, beans, seafood, and dairy products like milk and cheese.

17. Lipids
Lipids are composed of monomers called fatty acids. A typical lipid has 3 fatty acids tails bonded to a molecule called a glycerol.

18. Lipids Lipids are non-polar; this means they do not
Think about the
Phrase “They mix
As well as oil and
Water”. What
does that mean?
Lipids are non-polar; this
means they do not
have opposite charges
Water is polar;
it does have opposite
charges, like a magnet.

19. Side note: Water Water is made of 2 Hydrogens atoms
The Positives And the Negatives are what make the molecules polar.
Water is made of 2 Hydrogens atoms
and 1 Oxygen atom; these are held
together by strong ionic bonds.
Water molecules bond to other water
molecules because the positive charged
part of one is attracted to the
negative part of another, like magnets; these
are called covalent bonds and are NOT
strong.

20. Lipids
A phospholipid is a lipid that joins with proteins to make cell membranes (cell membranes wrap around the outside of the cell kind of like skin)

21. Lipids
A phospholipid is still non-polar, but it is also has a hydrophilic section
and a hydrophobic section.
Glycerol
Fatty acid tails
Hydro- means water
-philic means loves, likes
-phobic means hates, afraid of

22. Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy long term.
Lipids help maintain homeostasis (balance), act as hormones (testosterone and estrogen), and can provide waterproofing (fruit, ears and bees!)
Why would fruit need waterproofing?

23. Lipids Lipids are found in Fats and oils. They store huge
Amounts of chemical
Energy in
Organisms.

24. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made from monomers called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide has
3 parts
Nitrogen base
Sugar
Phosphate

25. Nucleic Acids There are three types of nucleic acids
DNA- stores genetic information
RNA- carries information from DNA to the cell so proteins can be made
ATP- used by cells to store and transport energy

26. Nucleic Acids
This is where the
Energy is stored
Structure of ATP

27. The macromolecule made up of amino acid monomers is
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

28. What atoms are considered the building blocks of life?

29. The type of macromolecule that makes up fats, oils, waxes & cell and organelle membranes
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

30. What molecule helps keep this guy well-insulated?

31. All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT: A. starch B. glycogen C
All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT: A. starch B. glycogen C. chitin D. cholesterol

32. The type of macromolecule made up of the simple sugar (glucose) monomers is
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

33. Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?
(1.) proteins
(2.) starches
(3.) carbohydrates
(4.) lipids

34. The macromolecule that stores genetic information
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

35. These macromolecules function as enzymes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

36. What monomer is this?

37. Which biomolecule is this an example of?