1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body
The Blood System
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body
Removes waste from tissues

2. The Heart Myocardium – heart muscle
Pumps blood through the circulatory system
Designed as a pair of side-by-side pumps

3. The Heart Atrium – Receives blood by veins Thin walled
The heart is divide into 4 chambers
William Harvey was the first person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body.
He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit. The circuit starts at the heart and leads back to the heart.
Atrium – Receives blood by veins
Thin walled
Ventricle – Pumps blood out of the heart via arteries
Thick walled muscular pumps

4. Blood Flow From the heart: Blood enters a large artery
To smaller artery branches
To arteriole (smallest artery)
To a capillary bed
To a venule (smallest type of vein)
To larger veins
To a large vein which takes blood back to the heart to be pumped out once again

5. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood from the body enters the heart through the right atrium, then to the right ventricle
Pulmonary Circulation – blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
Blood from the lungs enter through the left atrium
Systemic Circulation – flow of blood from the heart to the
rest of the body
Aorta – the artery that emerges from the heart

6. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Know this!

7. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Valves – flaps of connective tissue located
between the atria and the ventricles
When blood moves from the atria to the ventricles those valves open
When the ventricles contract valves close

8. Pulmonary Circulation
Blood cell enters the Right Atrium
Blood cell is deoxygenated
After blood pools in the Right Atria it flows through the Right Atrio-ventricular Valve to the Right Ventricle
Right Atria contracts to push remaining blood out to the Right Ventricle
Once the volume of blood accumulates in the Right Ventricle it contracts
During contraction the AV valve closes to prevent backflow
Blood pressure in the Right Ventricle opens the Right Semilunar Valve allows blood to enter the pulmonary artery

9. Pulmonary Circulation
Blood enters a lung continues to move along smaller and smaller arteries
Arteriole – the smallest of arteries
Arteriole leads to a capillary bed
Capillaries walls are one cell think which allows for gas transfer
Blood cell gives up carbon dioxide and takes a oxygen molecule
Blood cell returns to the heart
Pulmonary veins take the now oxygenated blood back to the heart

10. Systemic Circulation
The same red blood cell example used in the pulmonary circulation is used here.
Blood enters the Left Atria and in unison with the right atria blood seeps to the left ventricle
Both atria contract, blood enters ventricles (in this example Left Ventricle through the Atrio-ventricular valve)
Left Ventricles contract (Notice the Left Ventricle is thicker than the Right Ventricle)
When this occurs Atrio-ventricular valve closes to prevent backflow
Increase in blood pressure in the Left Ventricle opens the semilunar valve and allows blood through the aorta
Blood leaves the heart through the aorta

11. Systemic Circulation Blood then goes into one of 2 pathways
Through the body system eventually to capillary beds to pass on oxygen and nutrients

12. 2. The Hearts Blood Supply
The heart needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients
It gets very little from the blood it pumps
Coronary Arteries – a pair of blood vessels which branch
from the aorta and run through the
heart tissue
Three main ones

13. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a slow build up of materials in the arteries collectively called plaque.
Plaque – is composed of lipids, cholesterol, cell debris, and calcium.
The buildup of materials begins early in life and takes many years to become a serious problem
Arteries that build up plaque become harder and less flexible
Factors such as genetics and eating habits contribute to the problem

14. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis eventually leads to a partial or complete occlusion.
Occlusion – condition when plaque build-up has become so substantial that the blood vessel can no longer supply even a minimally healthy volume of blood to the tissue that it feeds.
If any of the 3 coronary arteries are blocked it is likely to deprive the heart of oxygen (which it needs a constant supply)
Coronary Thrombosis – when a coronary artery or one of its main branches becomes blocked.
Acute Myocardial Infarction – Heart attack

15. Circulation For the record: Blood is never Blue!
Blue represent deoxygenated blood: NO IT IS NOT BLUE!!!
More like a dark verses a bright red

16. Control of Heart Rate Cardiac Muscle – muscle tissue specifically
located in the heart
Myogenic Activity – the ability of cardiac muscle to
contract and relax without
nervous system control
This myogenic activity needs to be controlled in order to keep the timing of the contractions to be unified and useful

17. Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Control of Heart Rate
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Mass of tissue within the Right Atria
This is known as the pacemaker for the heart
SA Node sends an electrical signal to initiate contraction to both atria
At 72 beats per min that is a signal every .8 seconds

18. Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Control of Heart Rate
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Receives signal from SA Node
Waits .1 seconds then sends another electrical signal
This signal goes to the ventricles
So first the Atria contracts then the Ventricles

19. Heart Rate Heart Rate varies depending on your bodies needs.
During exercise your heart rate could increase to 200 beats per min.

20. Heart Rate
Heart rate is controlled as a result of carbon dioxide levels in the blood
As carbon dioxide increases an area in the brain stem the medulla chemically senses the levels
Medulla sends signal through a cranial nerve (AKA Cardiac Nerve)
This increases the heart rate to an appropriate level
This signal is sent to the SA Node
It does not change the mechanism of how the heart beats just the timing

21. Heart Rate
AS CO2 returns to normal a signal is sent for the medulla through the Vagus Nerve to return the heart rate to normal.
Adrenaline – a chemical released by your adrenal
glands during periods of high stress
or excitement. (AKA – Epinephrine)
Adrenaline causes the SA Node to fire more frequently, increasing the heart rate

22. Blood Vessels

23. Blood Vessels Arteries
Large Vessels that carry blood from the ventricles at high pressure to the tissues of the body.
Pulmonary arteries are the only ones that carry blood poor in oxygen.
The rest carry oxygen rich blood
They have thick smooth muscle layers used by the autonomic nervous
system to change the
diameter of the vessel
This regulates blood
pressure

24. Blood Vessels - Arteries
Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls
The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles.

25. Blood Vessels
From the arteries to the arterioles to the capillary bed.
Capillary Bed – a network of capillaries that typically all
drain into a single venule
When blood enters the capillary bed much of the pressure is lost
Blood cells make it through the capillaries one cell at a time
Chemical exchanges always occur the single-cell thickness of capillaries

26. Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest Blood Vessels
Thin walls allow for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from the blood to the tissue
Also CO2 and waste diffuse from tissue to blood

27. Blood Vessels
Veins
Returns blood to the heart from the capillaries
Blood returns to the heart (atria) usually against gravity
Skeletal muscle help “push” blood towards the heart.
Valves prevent back flow
Blood pressure is low causing
blood flow to be slow

28. Components of Blood
Plasma – liquid portion of blood Erythrocytes – red blood cells Leucocytes – white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes) Platelets – cell fragments (assists in blood clotting)

29. Transport by Blood
Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, etc Oxygen – reactant for aerobic cell respiration Carbon Dioxide – waste produce of aerobic cell repiration Hormones – transported from gland to target cells Antibodies – protein molecules involved in immunity Urea – nitrogenous waste (filtered out of the blood by the kidneys’s) Heat – Skin arterioles (can change diameter in order to gain or lose heat)

30. Blood Pressure
When the heart contracts it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries
Pressure decreases when the heart relaxes
System still remains under pressure due to elasticity of the arteries
Pressure allows blood to continue to flow through the arteries.

31. Blood Pressure
Sphygmomanometer
Device that measures blood pressure
Typical blood pressure in a healthy adult is 120/80
Top Number: Systolic
Bottom Number: Diastolic

32. Blood Pressure Lab Record in your composition book
Step 1 - Choose the right equipment:  1. A quality stethoscope  2. An appropriately sized blood pressure cuff  3. A blood pressure measurement instrument such as an aneroid or mercury column sphygmomanometer or an automated device with a manual inflate mode.
Step 2 - Prepare the patient: Make sure the patient is relaxed by allowing 5 minutes to relax before the first reading. The patient should sit upright with their upper arm positioned so it is level with their heart and feet flat on the floor. Remove excess clothing that might interfere with the BP cuff or constrict blood flow in the arm. Be sure you and the patient refrain from talking during the reading.

33. Blood Pressure Lab
Step 3 - Choose the proper BP cuff size: Most measurement errors occur by not taking the time to choose the proper cuff size. Wrap the cuff around the patient's arm and use the INDEX line to determine if the patient's arm circumference falls within the RANGE area. Otherwise, choose the appropriate smaller or larger cuff.
Step 4 - Place the BP cuff on the patient's arm: Palpate/locate the brachial artery and position the BP cuff so that the ARTERY marker points to the brachial artery.  Wrap the BP cuff snugly around the arm.
Step 5 - Position the stethoscope: On the same arm that you placed the BP cuff, palpate the arm at the antecubical fossa (crease of the arm) to locate the strongest pulse sounds and place the bell of the stethoscope over the brachial artery at this location.

34. Blood Pressure Lab
Step 6 - Inflate the BP cuff: Begin pumping the cuff bulb as you listen to the pulse sounds. When the BP cuff has inflated enough to stop blood flow you should hear no sounds through the stethoscope. The gauge should read 30 to 40 mmHg above the person's normal BP reading. If this value is unknown you can inflate the cuff to mmHg. (If pulse sounds are heard right away, inflate to a higher pressure.) Step 7 - Slowly Deflate the BP cuff: Begin deflation. The AHA recommends that the pressure should fall at mmHg per second, anything faster may likely result in an inaccurate measurement.

35. Blood Pressure Lab
Step 8 - Listen for the Systolic Reading: The first occurence of rhythmic sounds heard as blood begins to flow through the artery is the patient's systolic pressure. This may resemble a tapping noise at first. Step 9 - Listen for the Diastolic Reading: Continue to listen as the BP cuff pressure drops and the sounds fade. Note the gauge reading when the rhythmic sounds stop. This will be the diastolic reading.

36. Blood Pressure Lab
Step 10 - Double Check for Accuracy: The AHA recommends taking a reading with both arms and averaging the readings. To check the pressure again for accuracy wait about five minutes between readings. 
Typically, blood pressure is higher in the mornings and lower in the evenings.

38. Blood Pressure Lab Take the blood pressure of all students
Table all data
Process data
Average systolic
Average diastolic
Graph each!