1. PORT AND HARBOR ENGINEERING
Siniligan, Princess Keycee G.
Cailo, Rasdie
Hashim, Nurbashrif

2. PORT
Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities. This is not to be confused with marine engineering.
A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger, more economical ships.
A port is a place on the coast that facilitates loading and unloading cargo. A port is usually located inside a harbour.
Ports often have cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes (operated by longshoremen) and forklifts for use in loading ships, which may be provided by private interests or public bodies.
Some ports feature canals, which allow ships further movement inland. Access to intermodal transportation, such as railroads and highways, is critical to a port, so that passengers and cargo can also move further inland beyond the port area. Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbor pilots and tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks.
The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for different types of port facilities that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels.

3. TYPES OF PORTS
INLAND PORT
FISHING PORT
DRY PORT
WARM-WATER PORT
SEAPORT
CRUISE-HOME PORT
PORT OF CALL
CARGO PORT

4. 1. Inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river (fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows a ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo.
2. Fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may cause a fishing port to be uneconomical. In recent decades, regulations to save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, perhaps effectively closing it.
3. Dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.
4. Warm-water port is one where the water does not freeze in wintertime. Because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest.
5. Seaport is further categorized as a "cruise port" or a "cargo port". Additionally, "cruise ports" are also known as a "home port" or a "port of call". The "cargo port" is also further categorized into a "bulk" or "break bulk port" or as a "container port".

5. Cruise home port is the port where cruise-ship passengers board (or embark) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise.
"Cruise home ports" are a very busy place during the day the cruise ship is in port, because off-going passengers debark their baggage and on-coming passengers board the ship in addition to all the supplies being loaded.
Port of call is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary. At these ports, cargo ships may take on supplies or fuel, as well as unloading and loading cargo while cruise liners have passengers get on or off ship.
Cargo port, on the other hand, are quite different from cruise ports, because each handles very different cargo, which has to be loaded and unloaded by very different mechanical means. The port may handle one particular type of cargo or it may handle numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc. Such ports are known as the "bulk" or "break bulk ports". Those ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports. Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, the individual cargo ports are divided into different operating terminals which handle the different cargoes, and are operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators or stevedores.

12. HARBOR
A harbor or harbour or haven, is a body of water where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy weather, or else are stored for future use.
A sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or provide for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers. (Or) A harbour is a place that is situated on the coast where ships, boats, barges, etc. can be moored safely.
An artificial harbor has deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or otherwise, they could have been constructed by dredging, and these require maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of the artificial harbor is Long Beach Harbor, California, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.
The term "harbor", referring primarily to a sheltered body of water, is often used interchangeably with "port", which is a man-made facility built for loading and unloading vessels and dropping off and picking up passengers. Ports are often located in harbors.
Harbors and ports are often confused with each other. A port is a facility for loading and unloading vessels; ports are usually located in harbors.
The word harbour is derived from the Old English word “herebeorg” meaning shelter or refuge.

13. TYPES OF HARBOURS
Artificial harbors
Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. Where such natural facilities are not available, countries having a seaboard had to create or construct such shelters making use of engineering skill and methods, and such harbours are called artificial or man-made harbours.
Natural harbors
A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the form of creeks and basins, are called natural harbours.
Semi-natural harbours
This type of harbour is protected on sides by headlands protection and it requires man- made protection only at the entrance.

14. Ice-free harbors
For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round.
Important harbors
Although the world's busiest port is a hotly contested title, in 2006 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Shanghai.

15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARBOUR AND PORT
Definition of Harbour and Port Harbour:
Harbour is a place on the coast where ships, boats and barges can seek shelter from a stormy weather.
Port is a location on the coast that can be used to load and unload cargo.
Location:
A port is located inside a harbor.
A harbour cannot be located inside a port.
Purpose:
The purpose of a harbour is to provide shelter from the weather conditions.
The purpose of a port is to load and unload cargo.
Creation:
A harbour is usually a natural structure.
Ports are generally artificially created.
Facilities:
Ports are commercial entities and often have many facilities like warehouses to store cargo and well-built transportation systems.
Harbours do not provide as many facilities as ports.

16. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS OF HARBOURS
The planning of harbor should be carried out after collecting the necessary information of the existing features at the proposed site.
The following important facts should be studied:
1. To carry out a thorough survey of the neighborhood including the fore shore and depths of water in the vicinity is necessary.
2. The nature of the harbor, whether sheltered or not should be studied.
3. The existence of sea insects which undermine the foundation should be studied.
4. The problem of silting or erosion of coast line should be studied carefully.
5. To know the probable surface conditions on land, borings on land should also be made. It will be help full in locating the harbor works correctly.
6. The natural metrological phenomenon should be studied at site with respect to frequency of storms, rainfall, range of tides, maximum and minimum temperatures, direction and intensity of winds, humidity, direction and velocity of currents etc.

17. Harbor area required depends upon the following factors:
On the size and number of ships to be accommodated in the harbor at a time.
On the length and width needed for movement of ships to and from berths.
Type of cargo carried. To make the harbor useful for operating and dispatching ships, the water depth in the entrance, approach channel and harbor basin should be sufficient even at the low water spring tide.
Besides these requirements the positioning of various elements is very important i-e the location and alignment of elements such as entrance, approach channel, turning basin, break water, wharves, jetties and docks etc. is very important to ensure easy manoeuverability and additional navigation facilities. The main faction of a harbor is to provide a safe and suitable accommodation to the vessels needing refuge, supplies, repairs, refueling or transfer of cargo and passengers.

18. Requirements of a good harbor
• The ship channels whether natural or artificial should have sufficient depth for the draft of the visiting vessels to the harbour.
• The bottom of the harbour should provide secured anchorage to hold the ships against the force of high winds.
• To protect against the destructive wave action, the land masses or break water must be provided.
The entrance of the harbour should be wide enough to provide the ready passage for shipping and at the same time it should be narrow enough to restrict the transmission of excessive amounts of wave energy in time of storms. Due to the drastic changes in the size of ships the emphasis has been laid on the deepening of channels.

19. Requirements of a commercial Harbor Storage sheds for cargo.
Requirements of a harbor of refuge
Facilities of obtaining repairs and supplies.
Safe and convenient anchorage against the sea.
Ready accessibility from the high seas. On dangerous coast lines damaged ships under stress of weather conditions will need immediate shelter and quick repairs. Thus all types of naval crafts big or small will need refuge in an emergency and hence such refuge harbors should provide spacious accommodation. Modern big ships will require a lot of space for turning about.
Requirements of a commercial Harbor
Storage sheds for cargo.
To avoid delay, good and quick repair facilities.
Amply quay space for unloading and loading cargo and facilities for transporting loading and unloading cargo.
Spacious accommodation for the mercantile marine.
Good and sufficient sheltered conditions as loading and unloading is done with advantage in calmer waters.

20. Requirements of military harbor
Requirements of fishing Harbor
The harbor should be constantly open for arrival and departure of fishing ships.
Loading and unloading facilities along with quick dispatch facilities for the perishable fish catch such as railway sidings and roads should be there.
Refrigerator stores with sufficient storing space for preserving the fish.
Requirements of military harbor
These harbors are the naval basis meant to accommodate the naval vessels. They serve as supply deports also.