1. Today’s Goal and HW
Goal: To understand symptoms, causes, and treatments of mood disorders. HW: 1. Read pages of text. Take notes on material. 2. Complete schizophrenia portion of psychological disorders chart (my website). 3. Review for AP exam.

2. Mood Disorders

3. Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness
Prolonged, very severe symptoms
Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks
Global negativity and pessimism
Very low self-esteem
Depression - Discovery Health, The Body Invaders:

5. Dysthymic Disorder
Chronic depression with regularly low moods but not severe enough to be major depression
May develop in response to trauma, but does not decrease with time

6. Seasonal Affective Disorder
Episodes of depression that occur at a certain time of the year, usually during winter
Symptoms usually build up slowly in the late autumn and winter months. Symptoms are usually the same as with depression:

7. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Overview http://www. youtube. com/watch

8. Cyclothymic Disorder
Moderate but frequent mood swings (hypomania and mild depression) that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder
Lasting at least 2 years (1 in kids)
Persistent symptoms; no more than 2 symptom-free months in a row

9. Causes of Mood Disorders

10. Cognitive Factors
Depressed individuals attribute events using the following characteristics:
Stable: the bad situation will last for a long time
Internal: they are at fault
Global: effects/will effect every aspect of life/all of life is bad
Learned helplessness
Bio connection: may decrease noradrenaline levels

11. Attributions

12. Attributions

13. Attributions

14. Attributions

15. Biological Factors Heredity? The brain?
20-25% had a close relative affected with the disorder.
The brain?
Neurotransmitters
Depression: Levels of serotonin and/or noradrenaline too low (Antidepressants, such as SSRIs adjust these)
Bipolar: Glutamate levels (Lithium regulates this)
PET scans indicate less activity during periods of depression/changes in levels of activity in bipolar patients.

16. Ups & Downs of Bipolar Disorder
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient's emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly consumes glucose. Blue areas are low areas of activity.

17. Treatments: Depression
“Am I Blue?” activity
Another alternative: ECT and depression
(Electro Shock Therapy 1 of 2)
(Electro Shock Therapy 2 of 2)
(trailer – Kitty Dukakis)

19. Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness
Prolonged, very severe symptoms
Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks
Global negativity and pessimism
Very low self-esteem
Depression - Discovery Health, The Body Invaders:

20. Seasonal Affective Disorder
Episodes of depression that occur at a certain time of the year, usually during winter
Symptoms usually build up slowly in the late autumn and winter months. Symptoms are usually the same as with depression:
Increased appetite with weight gain (weight loss is more common with other forms of depression)
Increased sleep and daytime sleepiness (too little sleep is more common with other forms of depression)
Less energy and ability to concentrate in the afternoon
Loss of interest in work or other activities
Slow, sluggish, lethargic movement
Social withdrawal
Unhappiness and irritability

21. Cognitive Bases for Depression
Hopelessness theory
depression results from a pattern of thinking
person loses hope that life will get better
negative experiences are due to stable, global reasons
e.g., “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the interview didn’t go well”

22. Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of mania
Used to be called manic-depressive disorder
Many times will follow a cyclical pattern

23. Mania Period of abnormally high emotion and activity
Supreme self-confidence - delusional
Grandiose ideas and movements – too many goals in too little time
Flight of ideas – rapid and loosely shifting thoughts that jump from topic to topic.
Hallucinations – hearing or seeing things not there.

24. Depression
Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and drained of energy

25. Prevalence and Course of Bipolar Disorder
Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties)
Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression
No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder
Affects about 2 million Americans annually.
Commonly recurs every few years
A small percentage of people with the disorder display rapid cycling, experiencing four or more manic or depressive episodes every year.
Can often be controlled by medication (lithium)