2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Weathering Lesson 2: Erosion and Deposition
Lesson 3: Reshaping the California Landscape
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3. 8.1 Weathering weathering chemical weathering physical weathering
frost wedging
soil

4. 8.1 Weathering
Weathering
The process that breaks down and changes rocks that are exposed at Earth’s surface
Caused by the action of water, wind, ice, and gravity
Weathering

5. 8.1 Weathering
Chemical Weathering
When minerals and rocks at Earth’s surface are weakened and broken down from exposure to water and gases in the atmosphere
Changes the composition of minerals in rocks and forms new minerals

6. Chemical Weathering (cont.)
Water: most common agent of chemical weathering
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Oxygen

7. Rock Type and Weathering
Type of rock determines how quickly its surface is chemically weathered
Granite or slate resists chemical weathering better than limestone or marble.

8. 8.1 Weathering
Physical Weathering
The breaking of rock into smaller pieces without changing its mineral composition
Frost wedging—when water freezes, expands, and melts in the cracks of rocks
Plants and animals

9. Soil A mixture of weathered rock, minerals, and organic matter
8.1 Weathering
Soil
A mixture of weathered rock, minerals, and organic matter
Formation affected by the type of rock, climate, length of time rock weathering, and the interaction of plants and animals
Contains the nutrients necessary for plant growth and food crop production

10. 8.1 Weathering
Soil (cont.)
Residual soil: soil that remains in the same location where formed
Transported soil: soil developed from weathered material that has been moved to a new location by wind, water, or glaciers

11. 8.1 Weathering
Soil (cont.)

12. 8.1 Weathering
Soil Layers
Called soil horizons and take thousands of years to develop
A horizon: topmost soil horizon composed small rocks, minerals, and humus
B horizon: contains the dissolved minerals from A horizon
C horizon: consists partly of weathered parent material or bedrock

13. What is chemical weathering? A breaking rock into smaller pieces D
What is chemical weathering?
A breaking rock into smaller pieces
B the mineral composition is changed due to exposure to water and gases in the atmosphere
C process in which plant roots break rocks apart
D frost wedging
Lesson 1 Review

14. What is physical weathering? B C D
What is physical weathering?
A breaking of rock into smaller pieces with no change in mineral composition
B changing the composition of minerals and rocks by exposure to water
C acidic rainwater reacts with minerals changing them into different minerals
D oxygen is dissolved in water starting a chemical reaction
Lesson 1 Review

15. 8.1 Weathering A B C D
If soil remains in the same location where it formed, what is it called?
A transport
B A horizon
C C horizon
D residual
Lesson 1 Review

16. End of Lesson 1

17. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
mass wasting
landslide
meanders
flood
flood plain
beach
glacier

18. Erosion Process of wearing away rock or soil
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion
Process of wearing away rock or soil
Can be caused by running water, rain, waves, glaciers, wind, and gravity (landslides)
Deposition: when sediments are laid down in a new location by one of these processes
How are materials from the Earth broken down?

19. Mass Wasting Form of erosion caused by gravity
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Mass Wasting
Form of erosion caused by gravity
Downhill movement of rocks and/or soil in one large mass
Usually occurs when the ground is saturated with rainwater but can be triggered by vibrations from earthquakes, heavy machinery, and blasting
Steeper the slope of hillside, the more likely mass wasting will occur

20. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Mass Wasting (cont.)
Landslides: rapid, gravity-caused events that move soil, loose rock, and boulders
Mudslides: mixtures of soaked soil and rock
Rock falls: loosened rock falling from steep cliffs
Slumps: a block of rock and overlying soil slide down as one large mass
Creep: sediment moves slowly downhill

21. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Climate and Erosion
Climate determines amount of water a region receives
Regions with large amounts of rain more likely to experience mass wasting
Presence of thick vegetation on slopes tends to prevent landslides because the plants’ root systems hold sediment in place

22. Meanders Curves in a stream or river
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Meanders
Curves in a stream or river
Develop on gentler slopes when stream erodes sides of stream bed instead of bottom due to slower stream flow

23. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Meanders (cont.)

24. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Sediment and rock that are eroded and carried by river systems are transported and eventually deposited at a new location.
Oxbow lakes
Delta
Alluvial fans

25. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Deposition (cont.)

26. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Flood
When the water level in a river rises above the usual height and overflows its banks
Floodplain: a wide, flat valley located along the sides of rivers and streams

27. Levees Protect area from flooding
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Levees
Protect area from flooding
Natural levees: long, low ridges formed by sediment carried by floodwaters and deposited along the floodplain
Artificial levees: human–made structures built to help control floodwaters

28. Beaches Landform consisting of loose sand and gravel
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Beaches
Landform consisting of loose sand and gravel
Dynamic, actively changing systems
Sand supplied by the continuous flow of rivers to oceans

29. Erosion Features Cliffs: formed by the cutting action of waves
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion Features
Cliffs: formed by the cutting action of waves
Eroded cliffs move back from the shoreline and leave behind a flat area called a wave-cut platform
Sea caves, sea stacks, and sea arches can form when waves erode the softer portions of rocks.

30. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Longshore Current
Movement of the water that moves large amounts of sediment along coasts

31. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Erosion Prevention
Shoreline armoring: retaining walls, harbor channels, and groins
Changes natural shoreline processes but is necessary to prevent collapse of cliffs or the complete destruction of a beach

32. Glaciers Large masses of ice and snow
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers
Large masses of ice and snow
Form in areas where amount of annual snowfall is greater than the meltoff
Formation takes hundreds to thousands of years
Movement is about 2.5 cm/day

33. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers (cont.)
Valley glaciers (alpine glaciers): form in existing stream valleys high in the mountains
Continental glaciers (ice sheets): cover entire land areas, only located in Antarctica and Greenland

34. 8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers (cont.)

35. Glaciers and Erosion Glaciers erode surfaces as they pass over them.
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers and Erosion
Glaciers erode surfaces as they pass over them.
Trapped rocks and boulders at the bottom of the ice create grooves and scratches as the glacier moves.
Grooves and scratches show the direction the glacier was moving.

36. Deposition and Glaciers
8.2 Erosion and Deposition
Deposition and Glaciers
Till: sediment deposited by glacier that often builds up along the sides and fronts of glaciers into long, high ridges called moraines
Outwash: sediment deposited by glacier; consists mostly of sand and gravel

37. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Wind lifts and redeposits loose material.
Sand dunes: mounds and ridges that form from heavier sediment that blows along the ground
Loess: deposit that consists of wind-blown silt that is carried in the air

38. What is it called when gravity slowly pulls sediment downhill?
8.2 Erosion and Deposition A B C D
What is it called when gravity slowly pulls sediment downhill?
A landslide
B rock fall
C creep
D slump
Lesson 2 Review

39. _____ is when sediments are laid down in a new location. A Erosion
8.2 Erosion and Deposition A B C D
_____ is when sediments are laid down in a new location.
A Erosion
B Deposition
C Meander
D Playas
Lesson 2 Review

40. What is shoreline armoring used for? A to prevent beach erosion
8.2 Erosion and Deposition A B C D
What is shoreline armoring used for?
A to prevent beach erosion
B to produce electricity
C to dam rivers
D to prevent rock slides
Lesson 2 Review

41. End of Lesson 2

42. 8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
basin and range
arroyo

43. California Landscapes
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
California Landscapes

44. Mountains of California
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Mountains of California
U-shaped valleys
Hanging valleys
Moraines
Steep white-water streams in V-shaped valleys

45. Deserts of California Mostly located in the southeastern corner
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Deserts of California
Mostly located in the southeastern corner
Flat, sandy valleys
Playas: dry lakebeds
Alluvial fans
Wind-blown sand dunes

46. 8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Basin and Range
Large area of north-south trending mountain ranges and valleys
Primarily located in Nevada and Utah
Has desert climate

47. 8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Death Valley
Lowest point in the western hemisphere (86 m below sea level)
Arroyo: streambed that only contains water during heavy rains or floods

48. Rivers of Central Valley
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Rivers of Central Valley
Sacramento River: south-flowing river located in the north part of the valley
San Joaquin River: north-flowing river located in the south part of the valley
Abundant river sediment provides the valley with a thick fertile soil and has made it the most productive agricultural area in California.

49. 8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape
Coastal Landscapes
California’s beaches can change due to different seasonal conditions.
El Niño caused many landslides and general erosion.

50. What is the Basin and Range area?
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape A B C D
What is the Basin and Range area?
A large area of east-west trending mountain ranges and valleys located primarily in Nevada and Utah
B large area of north-south trending rivers and oceans located primarily in Nevada and Utah
C large area of east-west trending mountain ranges and valleys located primarily in New York and Pennsylvania
D large area of north-south trending mountain ranges and valleys located primarily in Nevada and Utah
Lesson 3 Review

51. A streambed that only contains water during heavy rains or floods
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape A B C D
What is an arroyo?
A streambed that only contains water during heavy rains or floods
B wide, flat valley located along the sides of some rivers and streams
C desert climate
D mixture of weathered rock, minerals, and organic matter
Lesson 3 Review

52. Which of the following is an example of a glaciated mountain feature?
8.3 Reshaping the California Landscape A B C D
Which of the following is an example of a glaciated mountain feature?
A V-shaped valleys
B meandering rivers
C U-shaped valleys
D U-shaped mountains
Lesson 3 Review

53. End of Lesson 3

54. Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Assessment
California Standards Practice
Concepts in Motion
Image Bank
Science Online
Virtual Lab
BrainPOP
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

55. Which of the following is a form of glacial erosion? B C D
Which of the following is a form of glacial erosion?
A rocks and boulders trapped at the bottom of the ice create grooves and scratches
B sand dunes form from heavier sediment
C arroyos form
D soil that develops from weathered material is moved to a new location by landslides
Chapter Assessment 1

56. A when a stream erodes a steep valley to a gentle slopeB C D
What is mass wasting?
A when a stream erodes a steep valley to a gentle slope
B a form of erosion caused mainly by gravity
C sediment that is eroded and transported downstream
D sediment, mostly sand and gravel, transported by glaciers
Chapter Assessment 2

57. What type of glacier forms in stream valleys high in the mountains? B C D
What type of glacier forms in stream valleys high in the mountains?
A till
B moraine
C alpine
D continental
Chapter Assessment 3

58. Copper statues that turn green are exhibiting _____ weathering. D
Copper statues that turn green are exhibiting _____ weathering.
A physical
B no
C chemical
D transformation
Chapter Assessment 4

59. A B C D
Deposition on the inside of a meander can cut off part of the river resulting in what?
A playa
B oxbow lake
C deltas
D alluvial fan
Chapter Assessment 5

60. Which soil layer contains the most decomposed plant matter?
SCI 2.a A B C D
Which soil layer contains the most decomposed plant matter?
A A horizon
B B horizon
C C horizon
D none of the above
CA Standards Practice 1

61. Which of the following is a form of fast mass wasting? A creep B slump
SCI 2.b A B C D
Which of the following is a form of fast mass wasting?
A creep
B slump
C meander
D longshore transport
CA Standards Practice 2

62. SCI 2.a A B C D
What does feldspar change into when it comes in contact with acidic rainwater?
A iron
B granite
C quartz
D clay
CA Standards Practice 3

63. In what areas are V-shaped valleys common?
SCI 2.b A B C D
In what areas are V-shaped valleys common?
A flat, sandy valleys of some California deserts
B wide, meandering rivers of California plains
C high, steep parts of some California mountains
D wind-blown area of California deserts
CA Standards Practice 4

64. A Palisade Glacier in the Mojave
SCI 1.f A B C D
What is the name and location of the largest present-day glacier in California?
A Palisade Glacier in the Mojave
B Palisade Glacier in the Sierra Nevada
C Colorado Glacier in the Sierra Nevada
D Colorado Glacier in the Mojave
CA Standards Practice 5

65. Concepts in Motion 1

66. Concepts in Motion 2

67. Concepts in Motion 3

68. Image Bank

69. End of Resources