1. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Presented by: Marissa burgess, Kayla billings, & Alexus chandler

2. So, What is PTSD??
A condition where symptoms evolve after an extreme traumatic stressor that overwhelms an individual’s coping capacity.
Marissa Burgess
(Gupta, 2013).

3. Characteristics & Symptoms:
Numbing persistent re-experiencing of traumatic event: feeling or acting as if the traumatic event were recurring in the form of illusions, hallucinations dissociative flashbacks…
Numbing of general responsiveness
Physiological reactivity when exposed to internal or external stimuli that resembles or symbolizes an aspect of the traumatic event
Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
Persistent symptoms of increased arousal: hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, difficulty falling or staying asleep, difficulty concentrating, irritable, anger outbursts…
Intrusive thoughts, images, and/or recurrent distressing dreams about the event.
Marissa Burgess
(Gupta, 2013).

4. How to Diagnose PTSD… Doctor visit
Discuss your symptoms and the event that led to those symptoms.
Evaluation of whether you do or do not meet the criteria for the diagnostic & statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (published in the American Psychiatric Association).
Marissa Burgess
(Staff, n.d).

5. DSM-5 Criterion: Criterion A: stressor
Criterion B: re-experiencing symptoms
Criterion C: avoidance
Criterion D: negative alterations in cognitions/mood
Criterion E: alterations in arousal & reactivity
Criterion F: duration (over a month)
Criterion G: functional significance
Criterion H: exclusion
Marissa Burgess
(National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d).

6. Etiology of PTSD! Biological Causes:
Inherited mental health risk (increased anxiety & depression)
Aspects of personality or chemical & hormonal responses to stress
Psychological Causes:
Experiencing, witnessing, learning about or exposed to a traumatic event (war, car incident, death of a loved one, etc.
Social/Environmental Causes
Military/warzone environment
You or either your family member(s) are being sexually or physically abused
Marissa Burgess
(Staff, n.d).

7. Important Facts & Statistics:
The U.S. is more at risk for PTSD, including adolescents, adults, veterans, and women specifically.
7-8/100 people develop PTSD, with 8 million adults having PTSD in a given year.
Kayla Billings
(Gradus, 2016).

8. Our Veterans Developing PTSD.
Hurting &/or killing others (enemies)
Stress
Lack of support
Where they are located = 1 factor
Physically injured
Politics = 1 factor
Kayla Billings
Being sexually assaulted/abused = 1 factor
(Gradus, 2016).

9. notable differences in Prevalence: Socioeconomic, Ethnical, & Geographic
9/11 =
Cataclysmic Tsunami =
70.7% for acute PTSD & 10.9% for delayed onset PTSD
40%/4,739 of the buildings staff, at high risk of PTSD.
Al-Aqsa Intifada (uprising) by Palestinians =
Kayla Billings
Affected children more by 32.7% of having PTSD
(Straub, 2015).

10. Differences between men & women who develop PTSD, Prevalence
Kayla Billings
(N.A. 2016).

11. Differences between men & women who develop PTSD (continued):
Most Reports by WOMEN:
Rape
Sexual Molestation
Physical Attack(s)
Being threatened w/weapon
Childhood physical abuse
Most Reports by Men:
Rape
Combat
Childhood neglect/physical abuse
Kayla Billings
(N.A. 2016).

12. Descriptions of ways PTSD can be managed &/or treated:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
Most effective treatment. Helps individuals address and understand their thoughts about the traumatic event(s), & how it causes stress
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR):
Change reactions to stressful memories. Focus on eye movements, hand taps, sounds
Medication:
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)—antidepressant
Family Therapy:
Improving communication with family and friends, developing healthy cohorts by handling emotions
Alexus Chandler
(PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.).

13. Descriptions of ways PTSD can be managed &/or treated (continued):
Exposure Therapy:
Fearless of memories of traumatic event(s). Constantly explaining the trauma gaining control & positive reactions to memories
Group Therapy:
Conversing & sharing stories with a group of people who have experienced similar trauma. Builds self-confidence, trust, and positive social relationships
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy:
Deal with emotional struggles from trauma
Acupuncture:
Reduce anxiety and stress and correct imbalance of body with use of needles
Alexus Chandler
(PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.).

14. PTSD Treatment how long does it last?
Cognitive behavioral therapy = 3-6 months
Ptsd With other mental health illness = at least 1 year
Alexus Chandler
(PTSD: National Center for PTSD, n.d.).

15. Marissa’s Quiz Question
Marissa Burgess *

16. Kayla’s Quiz Question:
Kayla Billings

17. Alexus’s Quiz Question:
Alexus Chandler

18. Reference Slide
Arhin, A. O., Gallop, K., Mann, J., Cannon, S., Tran, K., & Wang, M. (2016). Acupuncture as a Treatment Option in Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Related Tinnitus in War Veterans. Journal Of Holistic Nursing, 34(1), 56. doi: /
Gupta, Madhulika A. "Review of Somatic Symptoms in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." International Review of Psychiatry 25.1 (2013): Web.
Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 167–181.
N.A. (2016). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved from:
National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). BrainLine Military. Retrieved September 24, 2016, from ptsd.html
Staff, B. M. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Retrieved September 24, 2016, from
Straub, R. O. (2015). Health psychology: A biopsychosocial approach, 4(2), ).
Watts, B. V., Zayed, M. H., Llewellyn-Thomas, H., & Schnurr, P. P. (2016). Understanding and meeting information needs for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. BMC Psychiatry, doi: /s x