1. A Detail Qualitative Performance Evaluation of Integrated EIGRP/IS-IS and RIP/IS-IS Routing Protocols in Hybrid Networks

2. Abstract PROBLEM STATEMENT:
This Research work presents a simulation based analysis of Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) protocols. We used the combination of EIGRP&IS-IS, RIP&IS-IS routing protocols on the Hybrid network in order to reveal the advantage of one over the other as well as the robustness of each protocol.
With Respect To Several Performance Metrics:
(1) Database Query Response Time
(2) Download Response Time
(3) HTTP Object Response Time
(4) Throughput
Simulation Tool Used: OPNET Modeller 14.5 and 16.0

3. Thesis Aims and Objective
Develop and design a simulation model and scenarios for integrated EIGRP/IS-IS and RIP/IS-IS routing protocols in hybrid networks.
Perform a simulation on different scenarios and evaluate via different metrics.
Analysis of the results in Hybrid environment.
Comparative study has been done on the basis of simulation results.
Deriving a conclusion on basis of performance evaluation.

4. Open Shortest Path First (RFC 1247)
Uses IP, has a value in the IP Header (8 bit protocol field)
Interior routing protocol, its domain is also an autonomous system
Special routers (autonomous system boundary routers) or backbone
routers responsible to dissipate information about other AS into the
current system.
Divides an AS into areas
Metric based on type of service
- Minimum delay (rtt), maximum throughput, reliability, etc..

5. OSPF (type of links)

6. OSPF (link state advertisement)
Network Link
Router Link

7. Characteristics of OSPF
OSPF provides load balancing by distributing traffic through multiple routes to a given destination .
It allows maximum flexibility and provides transfer and tagging of external routes injected into AS.
It helps exchange information obtained from external sites.
Runs directly over IP.
Provides authenticated routing updates using different methods of authentication.
It has low bandwidth utilization and ensures less processing burden on routers because updates are only sent when changes occur.

8. IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Routing Protocol)
It is also a link-state routing protocol with several
similarities with OSPF
protocol, such as the use of the same SPF algorithm.
It was defined by ISO (International Organization for
Standardization).
IS-IS is based on the primer OSI (Open System
Interconnection) reference model.

9. Simple IS-IS Network

10. Advantages and Drawbacks of IS-IS
Fast convergence. For transmitting routing information, IS-IS utilizes
a low number of packet types.
Support large areas of several intermediate systems without
degradation of SPF performance.
It does not implement virtual links
Scalable. Backbone is not an area in IS-IS but instead is a collection
of contiguous ABRs.
Simple to implement.
Drawbacks
Metrics are 6 bit wide (0-63). Default metric is 10 if it is not manually
specified.
All areas in IS-IS networks are stub areas which may result in
suboptimal routing between areas.
All ISs must have identical views of an area.
For node identification, NSAP addresses are needed in combination
with Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) as an additional
network layer protocol.

11. EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocols
(EIGRP) is a CISCO proprietary Protocol
It is an enhancement of the interior gateway
routing protocol (IGRP).
EIGRP was released in 1992 as a more scalable
protocol for medium and large scale networks.
It is a widely used interior gateway routing
protocol which uses Diffusion Update Algorithm
(DUAL) for computation of routes.
EIGRP is also known as hybrid protocol
because it has the properties of a link state
protocol for creating neighbor relationships and
of a distance vector routing protocol for
advertisement of routes.

12. Components of EIGRP Neighbor Discovery/Recovery
Reliable transport protocol (RTP)
Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)

13. Advantages and Drawbacks of EIGRP
EIGRP provides the following advantages :-
- Loop free routes are provided.
- It additionally saves a back up path to reach the destination.
- Multiple network layer protocols are supported
- Convergence time for EIGRP is low which in turn reduces
the bandwidth utilization.
- Supports VLSM, discontinuous network and classless
routing.
- Routing update authentication is supported by EIGRP.
- Topology table is maintained instead of the routing table
and consist of best path and an addition loop free path.
Drawbacks of EIGRP are
- It’s a Cisco proprietary routing protocol.
- Routers from other vendors cannot utilize EIGRP.

14. Routing Information System (RIP)
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol and uses hop count as
it’s metrics for determining best path and also uses UDP (User
Datagram Protocols) port for message encapsulation.
Hop count measures the distance travelled by a data packet. The
maximum number of hop count is 15, thereby preventing routing
loops.
RIP updates its routing table after every 30 seconds.
Each router maintains its routing table by sending periodic
updates to communicate with its neighbor routers. RIP uses
Bellman-Ford Distance Vector algorithm to determine the best
path.
RIP has three versions:- RIPv1 (Routing Information Protocol
Version), RIPv2 ( Routing Information Protocol Version 2), RIPNG
(Routing Information Protocol Next Generation)

15. Characteristics of Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
· RIP is easy and efficient in smaller networks and thus
require little management.
· RIP is mainly based on hop counts vector.
· A fixed subnet mask length is used.
· RIP supports IP and IPX routing.
· RIP routes have an administrative distance is 120.
Advantages of Routing Information Protocol
· Easy and efficient in smaller networks.
· Easy configuration.
· Low resource usage.
Disadvantages of Routing Information protocol
· Loop creation.
· Slow convergence.
· Scalability problem.
· Lack of metrics.

16. Example of a domain using RIP

17. Literature Review
D. Pei et al. show the design and development of a method for detecting RIP routing updates. Specifically, RIP-TP protocol is presented. It uses hop count as routing metric. The authors emphasize its efficiency, simplicity, low operating cost and compatibility with the standard RIP. In order to assess the design efficiency, they show a series of experimental simulations to demonstrate that it is possible the improvement of fault detection in routing protocols. They particularize these evidences with RIP.
A. Basu et al., studies the stability of the OSPF protocol under steady state and with interferences. In this study we will see what effects are given by the TE (Traffic Engineering) extensions on the stability of a network when OSPF is running. OSPF TE extensions provide mechanisms for ensuring that all network nodes have a consistent view of the traffic parameters associated with the network. The authors also analyze whether it is possible to accelerate the convergence time of the network, analyzing the Hello packets and the number of route flaps.

18. B. Albrightson et al. They explain that EIGRP is a protocol based on a hybrid routing algorithm, sharing some properties of distance vector and link state algorithms. This protocol is the first Internet protocol that addressed the loop problem. Other aspects which shows are the type of metrics, the transport mechanisms and the methods used to discover the networks, among other features.
Ittiphon krinpayorm et al. applied the EIGRP algorithm to an application based on Maude. Maude is a programming language for formal specifications using algebraic terms. It is an interpreted language that allows the verification of properties and transformations on models that can run the model like a prototype. The authors show how to build an infrastructure of processes implemented by Maude, giving the chance to send a message directly to a neighbor or broadcast to all neighbors. EIGRP protocol implements the top of this basic infrastructure. Finally, the global system is tested and analyzed.

19. Simulation Tool Used
This Dissertation work using OPNET Modeler16.0 Network
Simulator.
OPNET Modeler16.0 is a Commercial Network Simulator.
Designed for modelling communication devices, technologies, and
protocols and to simulate the performance of these technologies.
Figure : OPNET 16.0

20. Proposed Methodology

21. EIGRP/IS-IS Scenario

22. RIP/IS-IS Topology

23. RESULTS

24. RIP Traffic

25. EIGRP Traffic

26. EIGRP Convergence Time

27. IS-IS Convergence Time

28. Database Query Response Time

29. E-mail Download Response Time

30. HTTP Object Response Time

31. Throughput

32. Conclusion
The objective of this thesis was to configure multiple routing protocols on a selected network topology and analyze the performance of the network.
We aimed to configure RIP and IS-IS together in one network, then EIGRP and IS-IS together in one another network.
After configuring the protocols we analyzed the network performance improvements as compared to the network that use RIP alone, EIGRP alone or IS-IS alone.
The RIP traffic in the network using RIP/IS-IS is smaller than of network using only RIP.
This indicates that the bandwidth utilization of RIP is better and the link congestion probability is smaller in RIP/IS-IS network than that of network using only RIP.

33. And IS-IS network learns slower than of the other two networks.
Conclusion ….
The EIGRP traffic in the network using EIGRP/IS-IS is lower than of network using only EIGRP.
This indicates that the bandwidth utilization of EIGRP is better in the EIGRP/IS-IS network than that of network using only EIGRP.
Convergence time of EIGRP in the network using EIGRP/IS-IS network is much faster than in the network using only EIGRP.
Therefore the nodes in EIGRP/IS-IS network learn the topology faster than the nodes in the EIGRP network.
IS-IS convergence time in EIGRP/IS-IS network is much faster than in IS-IS network or RIP/ISIS network. On the other hand, IS-IS network shows lower convergence time than the EIGRP/IS-IS network or the RIP/IS-IS network.
EIGRP/IS-IS network learns all nodes in the whole network faster than of IS-IS network or RIP/IS-IS network.
And IS-IS network learns slower than of the other two networks.

34. Future Work researcher to combine EIGRP and IS-IS routing
In future work, we recommend any interested
researcher to combine EIGRP and IS-IS routing
protocols performs on MANET and Hybrid
networks, and make one advanced routing protocol.
This can be done by analyzing the source code of
each protocol and make a modification on the
codes.

35. References
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[2] Ittiphon krinpayorm and Suwat Pattaramalai,"Link Recovery Comparison Between OSPF & EIGRP ", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 756–767, May 2009.
[3], Y. Navaneeth Krishnan Najam-Ul-Sahar, "Simulation of OSPF Routing Protocol Using OPNET Module" Communication Systems and Networks, 2011 Third International Conference on, 2011, pp
[4] Bernard Fortz,Jennifer Rexford and Mikkel Thorup., Traffic Engineering With Traditional IP Routing Protocols." IEEE Communications Magazine. October 2002, pp
[5] Ahmad Karim, Minhaj Ahmad Khan "Behaviour of Routing Protocols for Medium to Large Scale Networks", Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(6): , 2011

36. Continued…..
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