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AMERICAN REVOLUTION Period 3 APUSH
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Salutary Neglect/Benign (B9) Neglect
British absenteeism Distance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peace Colonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on region Self-government Still considered themselves as British subjects entitled to same rights and privileges
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Britain Exerts More Control
Navigation Acts strengthened Increased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courts Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges” Board of Trade Develop mercantilist policies over colonies Molasses Act (1733) Tax on non-British import of sugar
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Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 BOSTON MASSACRE IS TO _________ AS ________________ IS TO ___________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Several colonists threw rocks and snowballs at British troops in Boston. The soldiers fired, leaving five colonists dead. The victims were seen as martyrs. The events of the incident were exaggerated for propaganda purposes.
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French and Indian War (1754-1763)
England vs. France Most Natives allied with French Increased British troop activity in America Colonists contributed to effort Albany Plan of Union (1754) Benjamin Franklin Results/Consequences British victory Acquisition of French Canada and land east of Mississippi War debt 72M pounds (1755) 129M pounds (1764) British believed more control necessary Colonial pride
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Avoid conflicts Proclamation of 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Extensive Native alliance to deter colonists Purpose Avoid conflicts Colonial Reaction Denial of land
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Who SAID THIS? It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sell us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. Scarcely have we bought a blanket or something else to cover ourselves with before we must think of getting another; and when we wish to set out for our winter camp they do not want to give us any credit as our brothers the French do.
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How are the ___ treated by the french? By the English?
When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. From all this you can well see that they are seeking our ruin. Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us: They are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it. How are the ___ treated by the french? By the English?
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Based on this speech, do you think Pontiac is pleased with the outcome of the French and Indian War? Why? Prove with evidence All the nations who are our brothers attack them – why should we not strike too? Are we not men like them? Have I now shown you the wampum belts [beaded belts symbolizing an agreement or treaty] which I received from our great father, the Frenchman [King Louis XV]? He tells us to strike them. Why do we not listen to his words? What do we fear? It is time. Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe addressing a gathering of Ottawa, Huron, and Potawatomie Indians, May 5, 1763
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Preliminary Rebellions
Paxton Boys (1764) Pennsylvania Scots-Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives Massacred many Regulators ( ) NC frontiersmen upset with eastern corruption
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The Enlightenment Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau Individual liberties
Philosophes Voltaire Individual liberties Freedom of expression Montesquieu Separation of powers Rousseau Social Contract General welfare Wollstonecraft The Age of REASON Laws of Nature applied to society Deism “the clockmaker” Absent of human affairs Inspired by John Locke Second Treatise on Government
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British Prime Ministers
Believed colonies should foot the bill for wars and defense Encouraged unrestricted development of colonies Robert Walpole George Grenville Charles Townshend Chancellor of Exchequer Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation Supported taxation of the colonies and ran Parliament during Revolution William Pitt Frederick North
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Timeline of Parliamentary Acts
Sugar Act of 1764 Revenue $$$$ tax Quartering Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 First direct tax Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever Townshend Acts of 1767 Pay royal colonial officials Writs of assistance
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Timeline of Parliamentary Acts (draw a timeline)
Sugar Act of 1764 Revenue tax Quartering Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 First direct tax Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever Townshend Acts of 1767 Pay royal colonial officials Writs of assistance Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Company “Intolerable Acts” Coercive Acts of 1774 Massachusetts Government Act (royal appointments) Port Act (Boston closed) Administration of Justice Act (trial of royal officials moved) Quebec Act of 1774 Appointed government; Catholicism recognized Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellion
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Parliamentary Acts The Sugar Act (1764)
Purpose Increased regulation of colonial trade Raise revenue for war debt Lowered tax rate Sugar, spices, lumber Vice-admiralty courts Colonial Reaction Colonial merchants and shippers Boycotts Repealed in 1766
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HIPPO This “The Bostonians paying the excise- man, or tarring and feathering,” Philip Dawe [?], 1774 . This tinted engraving depicts the tarring and feathering of John Malcolm, a Commissioner of Customs, by the Sons of Liberty a little less than a decade after the Stamp Act protests. It also appeared in other versions The image had multiple meanings for contemporaries. The read it as a larger message, but also took note of the specific symbols and phrases contained within the image. These symbols and phrases connected to ideas and events that took place during the protests that lead up to the moment of Malcolm's punishment. “Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the House what is really my opinion. It is, that the Stamp Act be repealed absolutely, totally, and immediately; that the reason for the repeal should be assigned, because it was founded on an erroneous principle. At the same time, let the sovereign authority of this country over the colonies be asserted in as strong terms as can be devised, and be made to extend every point of legislation whatsoever: that we may bind their trade, confine their manufactures, and exercise every power whatsoever - except that of taking money out of their pockets without their consent.” From William Pitt's Speech to Parliament on Repeal of the Stamp Act
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The noose might be a general threat or a symbol that represented the popular use of effigies in protests. THE LIBERTY TREE Although it is unclear in this image, the poster, which hangs upside down, says “STAMP ACT.” Hanging the sign upside down may indicate surrender on the part of the British, since there is a tradition that flags are hung upside down to signal surrender. This outfit identifies the participant as a sailor. The leather apron on the man next to him identifies him as an artisan. Why were they involved? The liquid used would be distasteful and likely to promote vomiting—possibly vinegar. The official's costume is the result of TARRING AND FEATHERING. It was a painful and dangerous practice that covered the subject with hot tar, rolled him in chicken feathers, and subjected him to public ridicule. BOSTON TEA PARTY Liberty cap on a pole, a symbol of the American Revolution and the SONS OF LIBERTY.
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Parliamentary Acts Stamp Act (1765)
Purpose First direct tax Generate revenue for troops in America Colonial Reaction “No taxation without representation.” - James Otis Stamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of Liberty Committees of Correspondence
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James otis—writs of assistance
A man’s house is his castle; and whilst he is quiet, he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ, if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege. Custom-house officers may enter our houses when they please; we are commanded to permit their entry. Their menial servants may enter, may break locks, bars, and everything in their way; and whether they break through malice or revenge, no man, no court may inquire In attendance at court that day was a young attorney, John Adams, who would later cite this moment as the first scene in the first act of resistance to oppressive British policies. Otis lost the case; the writs of assistance were renewed. However, the matter had been brought to popular attention and few officials in the future were willing to incur public wrath by employing the orders. Otis became an instant celebrity and a month later was elected to a seat in the General Court (legislature). As time passed and the list of American grievances against the Crown grew, Otis played an ever more prominent role in advancing the colonists' interests. In 1764, he headed the Massachusetts committee of correspondence. He also spoke and wrote widely, and won special praise for The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, in which he made the case against Parliamentary taxation of the colonies. The following year he was a leading figure at the Stamp Act Congress in New York City. Otis’s open advocacy of American rights grated on many officials' nerves; his election to the speakership of the General Court in 1766, was voided by the governor’s veto. Undeterred, Otis teamed with Samuel Adams to confront the next crisis: enforcement of the Townshend Duties in The firebrand duo drafted a circular letter to enlist the other colonies in planned resistance to the new taxes. James Otis In 1769, at the height of his popularity and influence, Otis was pulled from the public stage. He had infuriated a Boston custom-house official with a vicious newspaper attack; the official beat Otis on his head with a cane. For the remainder of his life, Otis was subject to long bouts of mental instability. He was unable to participate in public affairs and spent most of his time wandering through the streets of Boston, enduring the taunts of a populace that had quickly forgotten his contributions. Otis was struck and killed by lightning in May 1783
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Parliamentary Acts Townshend Acts (1767)
Purpose Raise revenue for administration of colonies Glass, tea, paper, lead, paint Colonial Reaction (HIPPO) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania - John Dickinson “If they may be legally deprived… of the privilege of legislation, why may they not, with equal reason, be deprived of every other privilege? Or why may not every colony be treated in the same manner, when any of them shall dare to deny their assent to any impositions that shall be directed?” Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768
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Boston Massacre (1770)
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Boston Tea Party 1773 BOSTON TEA PARTY IS TO ______ AS
Relating factor: ________________ American Revolution Event organized by colonists disguised as Mohawk "Indians" to sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly; British responded by 1. closing the port of Boston until damages were paid and order was restored; 2. prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act.
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Parliamentary Acts Tea Act (1773)
Purpose Support British East India Company Reaction Boston Tea Party
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Parliamentary Acts “Intolerable” Acts (1774)
Purpose Boston Port Act Quartering Act Administration of Justice Act Massachusetts Government Act Quebec Act Colonial Reaction Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress
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Which Side Are You On? Colonies British Empire/Parliament Fought and died in wars with Natives and European enemies Risk life and health in a new environment Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rights Developed economies which benefit the Empire Familiar with life in colonies more so than in England God-given liberty Provide protection from Natives and Europeans Benefit exceptionally well from success of British Empire with little contribution Abide by the rule of law Colonists as second-class citizens “virtual representation” Britons pay 2-3 times taxes than colonists
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Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)
Organization of militia (Minutemen) compels Governor Gage to send British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders and confiscate arms William Dawes and Paul Revere 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexington “Shot heard ‘round the world” at Concord ()
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Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) 1774
INTOLERABLE ACTS ARE TO ___________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, 2. dissolved all town meetings in MA, and 3. appointed British as all government officials.
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Second Continental Congress
Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775) British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200 Americans lost 311 Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) Continental Army and Washington Prohibitory Act Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
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Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Pamphlet published in January 1776 Society grows to the point of requiring government with laws and representation Denounces monarchism and aristocracy “an island cannot rule a continent” “America is not English but a mix of peoples” “distance a problem” “threat of European wars” “colonies exploited”
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Declaration of Independence (1776)
Applies laws of Nature People’s right to revolution “self-evident” “all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of happiness” List of grievances against the British Empire, specifically toward George III WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?
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Acts of parliament Navigation, stamp, intolerable, townsend, declaratory French & indian War Taxation w/o Representation Perversity of KINg Colonial Events Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Committees of Correspondence
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America vs. Great Britain
American Advantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory and environment Prolong the war Hope for support from Britain’s enemies (France, Spain) American Disadv. No well-trained regular army or officers Insufficient funds and supplies Small support among population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves) British Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists) World’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced army Support from Loyalists, Natives, and slaves Entrenched forts and garrisons in America British Disadvantages War debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) hounded British ships Unpopular home support Spread thin around the world
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Patriots, Loyalists, Neutrals
Patriots (aka Whigs) supported independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) Advocated independence based on rhetoric and education on rights and liberties Loyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain Loyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but against separation Fear of a possible American victory Recent British immigrants Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or economic
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The War In the South British plan to capture Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the North Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the South as Americans refortified Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct ) Washington’s army, Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to Cornwallis British surrender led to American victory In the North Boston under siege and New York captured in 1776 Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777) boosted morale Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct ) Valley Forge In the West An escalation of Natives vs. Expansionists Natives lost land Resentment toward pro-British Natives lingers
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Treaty of Paris (1783) Brand new and bigger nation… What now?
John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay British recognition of USA USA granted all lands east of the Mississippi Natives left out of the treaty States applying own interests led to British remaining in Northwest forts Brand new and bigger nation… What now? Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West
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Olive Branch Petition 1775 OLIVE BRANCH PETITION IS TO ___ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Last stand by the colonists in effort to settle disputes with the British in a peaceful fashion (if you listen to us we'll listen to you); King scoffed at it and wouldn't even look at the petition
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A New American Society/Republicanism
Before war, distinction between elites and commoners was visibly evident given the economic success of colonies Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty regained a sense of egalitarianism within the population Rights and liberties a central core value Promote the common good Merit, not inheritance, defined a man Against corruption More and more self-made men participate in political leadership Despite a new perception, the small upper class retained its status as owners of most of America’s wealth
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Women of the Revolution
Upper-class women promoted cause through correspondence Participated against Stamp Act and Townshend Acts Spinning bees Ran households and estates during husband’s absence Formed campaigns to promote war and funds Abigail Adams “…Remember the Ladies.”
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Blacks and Slaves of the Revolution
Increased tensions between colonies and Britain inspired slaves to resist Most slaves sided with British Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775) Join to reassert royal authority 500,000 blacks in America Only 25,000 were free men Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of war Pose as free men Escape on British ships or to British territories Participation as Patriots Early ban Armies needed support Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slavery Quakers led the charge Slave imports almost eliminated New opportunities, same discrimination Free blacks as second-class citizens Prince Hall and “return to Africa” Granted civil rights Slavery as “necessary evil”
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Natives of the Revolution
Half of the population from 1754 to wiped out New land acquisitions led to increased hostilities Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goods Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no support
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British Colonists as Long Term Winners
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Definition (include why the policy was imposed).
British Policy Definition (include why the policy was imposed). How did this term impact the relationship between the colonies and the English government prior to the Revolution? How did the colonists react to the policy? Salutary Neglect Navigation Acts Quartering Act 1763 Stamp Act Declaratory Act Townsend Duties The Tea Act Proclamation Line of 1763 Intolerable Acts
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Tom richey review video
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