1. Islam Expands

2. Spreading Islam
In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph
Caliph means “successor” or “deputy”
He encouraged expansion of Islam by invoking “jihad”
Means inner struggle against evil
Also means an armed struggle against the unbelievers

3. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
First four caliphs guided by Quran and Muhammad’s actions

4. Caliph changes
Mobilized highly disciplined armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and parts of the Sassanid Empire.

5. Reasons for Success Willing to fight to extend and defend Islam.
Well disciplined armies with good commanders.
Surrounding empires were weak.
People who had suffered from religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant invaders.
Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope
Attracted by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax

6. Conquered people Muslim invaders tolerate other religions
Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” but were not allowed to spread their religion

7. Four Rightly Guided Caliphs
Abu Bakr (elected)
Umar (elected) (murdered)
Uthman (elected) (murdered)
Ali (elected) (murdered)-Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law
Led to Umayyad Dynasty ( )

8. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
What ended the elective system of choosing a caliph?
The assassination of Ali and the rise to power of the Umayyads

9. Umayyads Changes under Umayyads Move capital to Damascus
Abandon the simple life of previous caliphs
Surround themselves with wealth and ceremony

10. Umayyads downfall Vigorous religious and political opposition
The majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule, but a minority continued to resist.

11. Sunni-Shi’a Split
Shi’a-party of Ali-believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant
Also called Shi’ites
Sunni-followers of Muhammad’s example-didn’t outwardly resist Umayyad rule
Majority of Muslims today
Sufi -followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject luxuries of Umayyads
Very small %

12. Abbasids In 750, Abbasids topple the Umayyads
Murder the Umayyad family
One prince escapes and flees to Spain
Establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus

13. Abbasids What changes did they make during their rules?
Moved the capital to a newly created city, Baghdad
Access to trade, gold, info
Developed strong bureaucracy to conduct the affairs of the huge empire
Created a system of taxation and strong trade network

14. Abbasids
They failed to keep complete political control over their immense empire and broke up into smaller states.
Still united by three things:
Trade, language, Quran (religion)

15. Muslim Trade Network
Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe
Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency and the “sakk” or “checks”
Cordoba in Spain is dazzling center of Muslim culture
200,000 people with poets, philosophers, scientists