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Final Exam Essay Using evidence from the Early and Central Middle Ages, explain how northern Europe transformed from a mostly illiterate Germanic warrior culture around 500 to a distinctively medieval civilization by Identify significant characteristics of this transformation and the factors that encouraged the change in order to illuminate the defining features of medieval European civilization.
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Barbarian Migrations 350-500
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What happened to the Roman Empire after the last Western emperor abdicated in 476 CE?
All Hell broke loose and civilization in the West collapsed The empire gradually reconstituted in the North under Frankish leadership The empire continued on in the East under the Byzantines The Muslims incorporated large parts of the empire into the Caliphate All of the Above
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Byzantium
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Timeline for Byzantium
476: The empire collapses in the West : Reign of Justinian: Roman orientation 600s: Rise of Islamic Empire 700s-800s: Isaurians & Separation from the West 900s & 1000s: Byzantine Golden Age and break with Rome in 1054 1100s & 1200s: Crusader impact 1453: End of Constantinople
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“The Empire” c. 500 CE
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Byzantium during the Reign of Justinian
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Hagia Sophia
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Byzantine Architecture: Hagia Sophia
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How did the Justinian Code compare to other legal codes that we have examined?
Very similar to Hammurabi’s Code Very similar to the Twelve Tables Very Similar to Laws of Aethelberht of Kent A totally different kind of legal code from any of them
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Greek Fire saves Constantinople in 674 CE and 718 CE
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The Isaurian Dynasty
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Religious Icons
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Byzantium in the 9th Century
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The Byzantine Golden Age (850-1050) a.k.a. Macedonian Revival
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The First Crusade (c. 1000) increased interaction between the West & Byzantium
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The Fourth Crusade (c. 1200) divided and weakened the Byzantine Empire
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Increased religious differentiation
Tonsure Icons Leavened bread Filioque clause – the source of the Holy spirit Greeks from the Father Romans from the father and the son
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Ecumenical Councils (325-451)
Nicaea (325) narrowing of orthodoxy Arians declared heretical Chalcedon (451) monophysites declared heretical alienation of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt Issues theological locus of power
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Macedonian Revival Strong leaders emerge from the Isaurian dynasty during the 9th century Reorganized imperial administration to reflect smaller Empire The theme system Simplified legal code Intricate bureaucracy – divided power
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Golden Age Characteristics
Artistic Revival icons mannerist-like art with contorted faces increased mysticism Reorientation Increasing separation from Latin past Northeast replaces South as area of expansion Conversions Bulgaria Russia
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What Happened? Imperial theology Exploitation Invasions
alienated elites, local populations undercut imperial prestige Tensions with the West and the South Exploitation high taxes harsh treatment Invasions Lombards Arabs Avars
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Iconoclastic Controversy (717-843)
Reform of Christianity reaction to Muslim success based on Old Testament authority supported in Syria and Middle East opposed by monasteries Isolation of “Orthodox” Christians separation with Rome deepens alienation of Middle East
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Relations with the West
Strained over matters of religion East viewed West as barbarians well into the High Middle Ages ( ) East fighting a losing battle with Muslims to the South from 600s until 1453 West becomes increasingly expansionist after 1000
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Summary of Byzantium Increasing distinction from
Latin West Arab/Muslim South Development of “Orthodox” Christianity Geographical shifting from Mediterranean to Black Sea Gradually less urban Continued interaction with West trade law, theology, learning
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Summary The Byzantines took enormous pride in their heritage as the successors of Rome By the seventh century they had clearly departed from many of the ancient Roman traditions and had developed their own unique culture A key component of the Byzantine culture emphasized stability of the polity and the majesty of the Emperors The Fourth Crusade ( ) dealt a shocking blow to Byzantine self esteem as it came under Latin rule for approximately half a century (1259)
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Summary Throughout the medieval period western Christendom developed an increasingly hostile rivalry with Orthodox Christianity to the East The Byzantine Empire claimed to be the continuators of the Roman Empire As a rival to western culture, Byzantium had a more literate civilizations with magnificent buildings and well established cultural and intellectual traditions that were more sophisticated than the intellectual traditions of the West Nevertheless, with its more militaristic culture the West came to dominate Byzantium by the Fourth Crusade c. 1200
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What is the religious orientation of the Geats and the Danes in Beowulf?
Adamantly & violently pagan Adamantly & violently Christian Christian but a little pagan Pagan but somewhat monotheistic None of the above
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Based on the poem and the laws, which of the following was not characteristic of Germanic society around 600 CE? It was dominated by warriors It was patriarchal and misogynist It was ruled by kings It was egalitarian
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