1. Happy Friday!
Celebrate being alive!

2. Final Exam Essay
Using evidence from the Early and Central Middle Ages, explain how northern Europe transformed from a mostly illiterate Germanic warrior culture around 500 to a distinctively medieval civilization by Identify significant characteristics of this transformation and the factors that encouraged the change in order to illuminate the defining features of medieval European civilization.

3. Barbarian Migrations 350-500

4. What happened to the Roman Empire after the last Western emperor abdicated in 476 CE?
All Hell broke loose and civilization in the West collapsed
The empire gradually reconstituted in the North under Frankish leadership
The empire continued on in the East under the Byzantines
The Muslims incorporated large parts of the empire into the Caliphate
All of the Above

5. Byzantium

6. Timeline for Byzantium
476: The empire collapses in the West
: Reign of Justinian: Roman orientation
600s: Rise of Islamic Empire
700s-800s: Isaurians & Separation from the West
900s & 1000s: Byzantine Golden Age and break with Rome in 1054
1100s & 1200s: Crusader impact
1453: End of Constantinople

7. “The Empire” c. 500 CE

10. Byzantium during the Reign of Justinian

11. Hagia Sophia

12. Byzantine Architecture: Hagia Sophia

15. How did the Justinian Code compare to other legal codes that we have examined?
Very similar to Hammurabi’s Code
Very similar to the Twelve Tables
Very Similar to Laws of Aethelberht of Kent
A totally different kind of legal code from any of them

16. Greek Fire saves Constantinople in 674 CE and 718 CE

17. The Isaurian Dynasty

18. Religious Icons

19. Byzantium in the 9th Century

20. The Byzantine Golden Age (850-1050) a.k.a. Macedonian Revival

21. The First Crusade (c. 1000) increased interaction between the West & Byzantium

22. The Fourth Crusade (c. 1200) divided and weakened the Byzantine Empire

24. Increased religious differentiation
Tonsure
Icons
Leavened bread
Filioque clause – the source of the Holy spirit
Greeks from the Father
Romans from the father and the son

25. Ecumenical Councils (325-451)
Nicaea (325)
narrowing of orthodoxy
Arians declared heretical
Chalcedon (451)
monophysites declared heretical
alienation of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt
Issues
theological
locus of power

26. Macedonian Revival
Strong leaders emerge from the Isaurian dynasty during the 9th century
Reorganized imperial administration to reflect smaller Empire
The theme system
Simplified legal code
Intricate bureaucracy – divided power

27. Golden Age Characteristics
Artistic Revival
icons
mannerist-like art with contorted faces
increased mysticism
Reorientation
Increasing separation from Latin past
Northeast replaces South as area of expansion
Conversions
Bulgaria
Russia

28. What Happened? Imperial theology Exploitation Invasions
alienated elites, local populations
undercut imperial prestige
Tensions with the West and the South
Exploitation
high taxes
harsh treatment
Invasions
Lombards
Arabs
Avars

29. Iconoclastic Controversy (717-843)
Reform of Christianity
reaction to Muslim success
based on Old Testament authority
supported in Syria and Middle East
opposed by monasteries
Isolation of “Orthodox” Christians
separation with Rome
deepens alienation of Middle East

30. Relations with the West
Strained over matters of religion
East viewed West as barbarians well into the High Middle Ages ( )
East fighting a losing battle with Muslims to the South from 600s until 1453
West becomes increasingly expansionist after 1000

31. Summary of Byzantium Increasing distinction from
Latin West
Arab/Muslim South
Development of “Orthodox” Christianity
Geographical shifting from Mediterranean to Black Sea
Gradually less urban
Continued interaction with West
trade
law, theology, learning

32. Summary
The Byzantines took enormous pride in their heritage as the successors of Rome
By the seventh century they had clearly departed from many of the ancient Roman traditions and had developed their own unique culture
A key component of the Byzantine culture emphasized stability of the polity and the majesty of the Emperors
The Fourth Crusade ( ) dealt a shocking blow to Byzantine self esteem as it came under Latin rule for approximately half a century (1259)

33. Summary
Throughout the medieval period western Christendom developed an increasingly hostile rivalry with Orthodox Christianity to the East
The Byzantine Empire claimed to be the continuators of the Roman Empire
As a rival to western culture, Byzantium had a more literate civilizations with magnificent buildings and well established cultural and intellectual traditions that were more sophisticated than the intellectual traditions of the West
Nevertheless, with its more militaristic culture the West came to dominate Byzantium by the Fourth Crusade c. 1200

34. What is the religious orientation of the Geats and the Danes in Beowulf?
Adamantly & violently pagan
Adamantly & violently Christian
Christian but a little pagan
Pagan but somewhat monotheistic
None of the above

35. Based on the poem and the laws, which of the following was not characteristic of Germanic society around 600 CE?
It was dominated by warriors
It was patriarchal and misogynist
It was ruled by kings
It was egalitarian