1. Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults: A review of the evidence of leading international organizations
Juan Antonio Moriana, Mario Gálvez-Lara & Jorge Corpas
Department of Psychology. University of Cordoba (Spain)
IMIBIC & Reina Sofia University Hospital (Spain)
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper

3. Summary
The aim of this study was to analyze and compile list of evidence-based treatments drawn from RCTs, reviews, meta-analyses, guides and lists provided by:
D12 (APA)
NICE
Cochrane
APS
A total of 135 treatments were analyzed for 23 mental disorders in adults and compared to determine the level of agreement among the organizations.
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

4. This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

5. This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

6. This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

7. This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

8. Methods
The methodology in this review is compliant with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
We consulted the websites of the organizations described above to gather all the treatments, disorders and levels of evidence they report
We collected the RCTs, reviews and meta-analyses presented by each organization.
To analyze agreement among organizations, we have classified the different levels of evidence into an ordinal scheme: no evidence, weak evidence, moderate evidence and strong evidence.
Inter-rater reliability (IRR) was performed using a two-way mixed, consistency, average-measures Intra-class correlation (ICC) to assess the level of agreement among organizations for each diagnosis
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

9. Results Organizations
Mental disorders included in accordande with the inclusión criteria
Treatments
D12 (APA) 15 64
NICE 16 73
Cochrane 51
APS 21 68
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

10. Results
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

11. Results
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

12. Results Intra-class correlation (ICC) obtained by each disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
0.889
Panic Disorder
0,485
Social Anxiety
0.435
Specific Phobias
0.816
Anorexia Nervosa
0.741
Bulimia Nervosa
0.819
Binge Eating Disorder
0.396
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorder
-8.0
Depression
0.022
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
0.809
Bipolar Disorder
0.075
Schizophrenia
0.704
Borderline Personality Disorder
0.53
Antisocial Personality Disorder
---
Insomnia
-0.112
ADHD (Adults)
0.731
Hypocondriasis
-1.39
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Sexual Disorder
Somatization Disorder
Dissociative Disorder
Conversion Disorder
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Negative ICC estimates indicate systematic disagreement; ICC values less than 0.40 indicate IRR poor; ICC values between 0.40 and 0.59 indicate IRR fair; ICC values between 0.60 and 0.74 indicates IRR good; ICC values between 0.75 and 1 indicates IRR excelent

13. Discussion
The main findings of this study highlight the existing discrepancies in the evidence presented by different organizations reporting on the effectiveness of psychological treatments.
These discrepancies may be due to a combination of several reasons: the procedures or committees are biased, different studies were revised, different criteria are used by each organization or the reviews of existing evidence are made at different time periods.
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

14. Discussion The procedures or committees are biased
The fact that numerous treatments are considered effective by a single organization may support this theory.
In most cases, these institutions only provide information on treatments they consider effective with a higher or lower level of evidence. Therefore, we cannot know why they do not recommend certain treatments.
This is evident in depression, where 12 out of 23 treatments are considered effective by only one organization, as well as in post-traumatic stress disorder, where five out of seven treatments are considered effective only by D12.
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

15. Discussion Different studies were revised
The analysis of the main discrepancies shows that, in most cases, the institutions use different studies to determine the quality of the evidence.
For example, in the case of generalized anxiety disorder, APS (2010) grants a Level II of evidence for psychodynamic therapy based on the RCT of Leichsenring et al. (2009) and the non-randomized controlled trial of Ferrero et al. (2007), while NICE (2011) does not recommend this therapy as a treatment for GAD based on the RCT of Durham et al. (1994) and the RCT of Crits-Christoph et al. (2005).
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

16. Discussion Different criteria are used by each organization
A comparison of the organizations showed that the requirements for granting, for example, the highest level of evidence to a certain treatment differed among organizations.
The analysis of these discrepancies also shows that, in some cases, the studies which the institutions base themselves on to determine the quality of the evidence are the same. Therefore, in these cases, the reason for the discrepancies could be the criteria used
For example, for social anxiety disorder interpersonal psychotherapy is deemed non-effective by NICE (2013a) based on the RCT of Lipsitz et al. (2008) and the RCT of Stangier et al. (2011), while APS (2010) considers this therapy to be effective based solely on the study of Lipsitz et al. (2008).
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

17. Discussion
The reviews of existing evidence are made at different time periods.
The fact that a Cochrane review of the year 2000 (McGrath & Hayes, 2000) suggests there is no consistent evidence to support the use of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia, while D12 confers a strong level of evidence to this therapy based, among others, on five studies after the year 2000 indicate that these discrepancies in the observed evidence may be due to the different time periods in which the reviews were made.
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

18. Conclusion
There is no consensus regarding the evidence presented to support the effectiveness of psychological treatments for most mental disorders in adults.
Although there are numerous treatment for many of the disorders mentioned (e.g., 23 treatments for depression), not all offer the same quality of evidence or studies to support them.
We found that while similar evidence exists for some disorders (e.g., bulimia nervosa) for other there is a significant number of treatment for which the level o evidence varies greatly depending on the organization (e.g., depression), and some worrying divergences between organizations regarding the evidence presented for treatments for disorder (e.g., schizophrenia)
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults

19. Future directions
We need to contribute to improving the quality of RCTs through more independent studies that promote and contemplate reproducibility as a much more important criterion that envisaged so far.
Future studies should aim to reach a consensus on the scientific methods used to validate psychological treatments in order to unify the criteria among organizations, researchers and professionals on level of evidence and methodological approaches for improving the quality of the studies that support them.
Moreover, performing studies similar to ours on mental disorders in children and adolescents, addictions, health psychology and other related areas not included in this study is both necessary and or interest.
This is your introductory slide – use it to introduce yourself and your paper
Psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults