1. Smart Charging & Vehicle-Grid Connectivity A Utility perspective from three several point of views
Thomas Theisen
Brussels, 17th of November 2010
“Transatlantic Workshop on Electric Vehicles and Grid Connectivity”

2. Placing standardisation of electric vehicles at the fore
The European electricity industry, in Declaration, called upon the Commission in 2009 to support the drive towards standardisation in EV charging systems
EURELECTRIC1) is currently working on a position statement prescribing recommendations which have to be taken in account for EV optimal charging under mass market conditions
1) Eurelectric TF „Electric Vehicles“ currently supported by 27 utility experts from all over EU27

3. Content 1
Charging process between vehicle and charge spot has to be coordinated based on grid capabilities and generation with bidirectional communication „Smart Charging“
1.1 Today’s grid capabilities could be used with intelligent coordination of charging
1.2 Alternative costs for infrastructure are significantly higher than for controlled “Smart Charging”
1.3 Smart Charging with bidirectional communication enables vehicle-to-grid concepts
1.4 Efficient using of generation capabilities only possible with smart charging

4. Transformer collapses at 25% market share of EV - under assumption one daily load on arrival at home and charging immediately
capacity utilization
120%
100% 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
00:00
00:50
01:40
02:30
03:20
04:10
05:00
05:50
06:40
07:30
08:20
09:10
10:00
10:50
11:40
12:30
13:20
14:10
15:00
15:50
16:40
17:30
18:20
19:10
20:00
20:50
21:40
22:30
23:20
110%
90%
70%
50%
30%
10%
Capacity utilization of transformer increase more than 30%
Due to country specific grid characteristics percentage could be even worse
Cable could also be limiting factor due to additional load by electric vehicle
New designed grids have reserve capacity of about 20% to minimize handling costs
In some countries there are situations where single transformer provides energy for only a few households
Assumptions: One daily load on arrival at home in the afternoon; Daily mileage of 65km; average consumption of vehicles 20kWh/100km; Charging at 400V/32A/22kW for ~36min; 25% market share of EV‘s; 120 Households per local transformer
Source: RWE

5. High investments could mainly be avoided with “Smart Charging” by coordinating the additional loads
Capacity utilization
120%
100% 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
00:00
00:50
01:40
02:30
03:20
04:10
05:00
05:50
06:40
07:30
08:20
09:10
10:00
10:50
11:40
12:30
13:20
14:10
15:00
15:50
16:40
17:30
18:20
19:10
20:00
20:50
21:40
22:30
23:20
110%
90%
70%
50%
30%
10%
No significant impact to transformer with Smart Charging
Assumptions: Daily mileage of 65km; average consumption of 20kWh/100km; Charging at 400V/32A/22kW for ~36min; 25% market share of EV‘s; 120 Households per local transformer; Differentiation of the charging location: 25% At home after arriving in the afternoon 50% At home but scheduled according to grid load 25% Different sides (Office, Supermarket, Hobby Locations [e.g. gyms])
Source: RWE

6. Content 1
Charging process between vehicle and charge spot has to be coordinated based on grid capabilities and generation with bidirectional communication „Smart Charging“
1.1 Today’s grid capabilities could be used with intelligent coordination of charging
1.2 Alternative costs for infrastructure are significantly higher than for controlled “Smart Charging”
1.3 Smart Charging with bidirectional communication enables vehicle-to-grid concepts
1.4 Efficient using of generation capabilities only possible with smart charging

7. Without “Smart Charging” high investments in reinforcement of grid infrastructure necessary
Investments in transformer1)
Other investments in infrastructure
Investments in upstream grid
Reinforcements of cable2) between households and transformer
Simplified grid connection in Germany: 120 households at 1 transformer
... LV MV
...
 30
One additional transformer for 30 EVs needed (25% market share of EVs)
CAPEX – €
Additional CAPEX of > €
630 kVA transformer
Household
1) One daily load on arrival at home; Daily mileage of 65km; Charging at 400V/32A/22kW for ~36min ; EV starts charging after connecting Immediately; simplified grid correction in Germany 2) Cable costs 50€/m;  500m additional cable

8. CAPEX for communication device
For utilities investments in „Smart Charging“ at the level of additional transformer – fast amortisation for customer
Investments for utilities in Smart Charging
Investments for customer in Smart Charging
800 €/ year
200 €
~700 €/ year
... LV MV
OPEX fixed tariff2)
OPEX variable tariff
CAPEX for communication device
 30 households with intelligent charge spots requires 30 communication units ( price at mass production 200€1))
Reduction of OPEX with incentives for charging at night and on availability of renewables
Cost of € for communication at entire street (<< additional transformer)
Amortization of communication after two years should be possible
Household with intelligent charge spot
1) Price oriented at comparable market products (e.g. DSL router)
2) Average mileage per year: km; consumption EV: 20 kWh/100 km; Price electricity normal 0,2 €/kWh; night 0,17 €/kWh (3/4 of charge at night)

9. “Smart Charging” enables a quick and cost efficient market penetration of EVs
Investments for utilities significantly lower by using “Smart Charging”
No disadvantage for customer:
Fast payback of communication needed for “Smart Charging”
Communication allows higher customer convenience
Plug and charge
Value added services

10. Content 1
Charging process between vehicle and charge spot has to be coordinated based on grid capabilities and generation with bidirectional communication „Smart Charging“
1.1 Today’s grid capabilities could be used with intelligent coordination of charging
1.2 Alternative costs for infrastructure are significantly higher than for controlled “Smart Charging”
1.3 Smart Charging with bidirectional communication enables vehicle-to-grid concepts
1.4 Efficient using of generation capabilities only possible with smart charging

11. Production capacities changing towards renewables
Development of production capacities in Germany, 2000 – 2030
160
GW brutto
140
120
Renewables
100 80 60
Gas 40
Coal 20
Nuclear
2000
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Nuclear
Hard Coal
Hydro
Other
Lignite
Natural Gas
Oil
Renewables
Source: ewi/Prognos May 2005

12. Bidirectional communication between charge spot and vehicle allows charging when renewables are available …
Bidirectional communication
Vehicle charge at peak production times of renewables 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Sun
Wind
Biomass
Charge spot
Vehicle
Vehicle and charge spot have to communicate:
Vehicle user inserts information of end of charge-time and desired mileage
Flexible charge can be set up over available time and changed during charging

13. … and could be used for balancing power which enables high share of renewables in production capacity
Charging P
Grid
Charge spot
Discharging
45 million EV in Germany with power of 10 kW
 450 GW balancing power capacity!
Grid
Charge spot
00:00
06:00
12:00
18:00
24:00
Intelligent coordination of charging through bidirectional communication leads to reducing peaks in the grid as well as constant capacity utilisation

14. Content 1
Charging process between vehicle and charge spot has to be coordinated based on grid capabilities and generation with bidirectional communication „Smart Charging“
1.1 Today’s grid capabilities could be used with intelligent coordination of charging
1.2 Alternative costs for infrastructure are significantly higher than for controlled “Smart Charging”
1.3 Smart Charging with bidirectional communication enables vehicle-to-grid concepts
1.4 Efficient using of generation capabilities only possible with smart charging

15. Usage of generation capabilities only possible with „Smart Charging“5
Usage of generation capabilities only possible with „Smart Charging“
Development generation capacity, Germany 2005 – 2030
Scenarios for max. additional load for 7 mio. EVs 20 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
Needed capacity
New capacities up to 30 GW
Replacement of capacities up to 45 GW
77 GW
5 GW
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
All EV’s charge at the same timeAll EV’s charge at the same time
"Smart Charging" with intelligence"Smart Charging" with intelligence
Source: BDEW, EU Trends to 2030, RWE, TU Dortmund
Assumptions: Charging at 400V/16A/3phase/11kW
Hydro
Lignite
Gas
Nuclear
Hard coal
Other

16. www.rwe-mobility.com HOW TO START A REVOLUTION? START.
AC charging posts are the solution for European utilities

17. Transatlantic Workshop on Electric Vehicles and Grid Connectivity G4V – grid-for-vehicles Project
Thomas Theisen, RWE Rheinland Westfalen Netz AG Project coordinator
17 November 2010
Brussels

18. The G4V consortium 12 partners from eight countries Energy utilities
Scientific partners
North
Central
South

19. Overview – the G4V-project Project duration: Jan 2010 – June 2011
time-horizon: 2030
Key – Question:
What needs to be started now in order to enable a mass market of EV?
technical issues
legal framework
business model
customer convenience
environmental aspects
Recommendations

20. Influencing Parameters
market penetration (subsidies ?)
regional distribution
temporal distribution
directionality (uni/bi)
kind of vehicle (BEV/PHEV)
kind of battery (Li-Ion?)
battery capacity (1kWh - 35kWh, usable percentage ?)
battery exchangeability (yes/no)
energy demand (approx. 6kWh/d, log-normal distribution)
connection power (3.7kW - 40kW)
market access regulation … 20
Thomas Dederichs – RWTH Aachen University

21. Definition of Szenario-worlds
How could the development in the European electricity sector look like?
Business as usual
Main differences:
regulatory framework
charging control strategies
grid infrastructure
services
„EV – optimal“
Reasonable innovations

22. Overview about Control strategies
Main objectives:
Integration Renewables
LV-grid – congestion management
Exploitation of EV’s flexibilities 22

23. „G4V Impact Assessment Approach“
agent based
geographically referenced
high time resolution (15min)
long duration ( )
HV/MV/LV grid data
socio-economic data
regional driving patterns
G4V model
Impact 23

24. „G4V Impact Assessment Approach“$ $$
$$$ 24

25. „EU-27 Impact Assessment“
North,South, Central Europe $
Extrapolation of local results to national level
Urban, Rural, Suburban
Extrapolation to EU-27 impacts 25

26. Exemplary results - Probabilistic load flow
Specs:
suburban grid: 630kVA transformer
250 households
Energy consumption kWh/a
Radial distribution grid
Battery capacity 35 kWh
Penetration rate: 12,5%
only a few transformer overloads
Necessary to include a safety margin (probability of occurrence) into grid assessment 26

27. V2G for Aggregation
V2G
using „plug-in“-capable electric vehicles as a massively distributed storage for grid services such as balancing power
Aggregation
technical requirements (ICT, Charger, …)
load flow calculations and impact on grid-levels (LV, MV, HV)  interdependencies!
business case (reserve power market)
Frequency control: V2G vs generators?  Comparison needs to be elaborated! 27

28. Thank you! also please visit: www.g4v.eu Contact:
RWE Rheinland Westfalen Netz AG
New Technologies
Thomas Theisen 28

29. Suggestion of common agreement from Eurelectric on three key topics1
Charging process between vehicle and charge spot has to be coordinated based on grid capabilities and generation with bidirectional communication (“Smart Charging”) 2
AC charging posts are the solution for European utilities 3
RFID solutions do not fulfill future needs like integration of renewables and grid capacity

30. OEMs harmonizing and discussing their ideas to speak with one voice …
Example Plugs
Example DC
0KW
44KW AC
DC low
DC mid
DC high
Changing of plug and socket at EV side
AC and DC charging for lower voltage in parallel?

31. … while utilities working on different concepts
Example „Plug and Charge“
Example RFID
Example Credits in the vehicle
Cell phone
Bidirectional communication between charge spot and vehicle
Automatic authentication
Coordination with grid capabilities
Integration of renewables
By swiping the RFID card plug opening could be opened and consumed energy could be associated to costumer
Prepaid system with credits in the vehicle

32. Utilities have to place their requirements to set the base for utility friendly usage of E-Mobility in Europe
Grid
Renewables
Generation

33. Volatile renewables cause peaks in the grid
Daily feed-in of renewables (exemplarily)
Peak times for photovoltaic at noon
Rapid growing of wind offshore
Partly negative prices
Stopping generation at peak times
Wind
Sun
Biomass 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24