Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)

Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)
America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 2: European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752) Section 1: Spanish Explorers and Colonies Section 2: Jamestown Section 3: The New England Colonies Section 4: The Middle and Southern Colonies Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Spanish Explorers and Colonies
Chapter 2, Section 1 How did the Spanish build an empire in the Americas? Why did the Spanish push for settlement in regions of North America? How did Native Americans resist the Spanish?

Spain’s Major Explorers
Chapter 2, Section 1 Juan Ponce de León Was a hidalgo, or a young Spanish gentleman Searched in vain for a “fountain of youth” Explored and named Florida in 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa Arrived on the Isthmus of Panama, a narrow strip of land that joins North and South America He and his men were the first known Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean from the American continent. Ferdinand Magellan Was the first to cross the Pacific Ocean from the Americas Though Portuguese, he explored on behalf of the Spanish king. Sailed through the channel near the stormy tip of South America, known today as the Strait of Magellan He and his crew were the first people known to have circumnavigated the entire Earth.

Building a Spanish Empire
Chapter 2, Section 1 The Spanish used the same methods of conquest to colonize the Americas that they used to drive the Muslims out of Spain. The conquistadors, or Spanish conquerors of the Americas, had three goals: to spread the Christian religion; to gain wealth; to gain fame. Hernán Cortés conquered the empire of the Aztecs, one of the largest empires in the world. Francisco Pizarro had the same success with the Incan empire. Both groups were aided by Native American allies, and by smallpox and measles epidemics that killed many natives.

Controlling the Spanish Empire
Chapter 2, Section 1 By the 1550s, Spain had colonies in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean Islands. Spain grew wealthy as enslaved Native Americans and Africans mined silver and gold in the mountains of Mexico and Peru. Spain also established profitable farms and ranches. The Encomienda System Under this system, Native Americans were required to farm, ranch, or mine for the profit of an individual Spaniard. In return, the Spaniard would ensure the well-being of the workers. mestizos — people of mixed descent (Spanish and Native American)

The Spanish Push North Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico
Chapter 2, Section 1 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico After being shipwrecked near Galveston, Texas, they traveled through the Gulf Coast region of Texas for eight years. After they were rescued in northern Mexico, they heard the story of seven golden cities waiting to be discovered in the Americas. These stories inspired them and other explorers to search for the cities. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Coronado searched the present-day southwestern United States, unsuccessfully, for the fabled golden cities. Hernán de Soto De Soto landed near present-day Tampa, Florida, with 600 men in 1539. They, too, were searching for the seven golden cities. They are believed to be the first Spaniards to cross the Mississippi River.

These Spanish settlements were forts, or presidios.
Forts for Defense Chapter 2, Section 1 The Southeast Coast A number of defensive bases were built in and around Florida to protect ships traveling from Cuba to Spain. These ships carried silver and gold. The Southwest Juan de Oñate established the colony of New Mexico. Spain hoped to stretch the profitable mining industry of Mexico into the present-day southwestern United States. The West Coast Spain wished to establish trade routes across the Pacific Ocean. Settling California would help to keep their European rivals out of that region. These Spanish settlements were forts, or presidios.

Spanish Sense of Religious Obligation /Las Casas’s Complaint
Chapter 2, Section 1 Priests and nuns from a Catholic group dedicated to the work of St. Francis of Assisi settled in Florida and New Mexico as missionaries. Their job was to preach, teach, and convert others to their religion. Bartolome de Las Casas, a Spanish priest, whose father had travelled on Columbus’s second voyage, wrote about Spanish cruelty to Indians. His published accounts helped lead to the New Laws in 1542 banning Indian enslavement. (Yet new arrangements required all Indians to perform a fixed amount of wage labor each year.) “Las Casas suggested that importing slaves from Africa would help protect Indians from exploitation.” (GML, p.27)

Missions and Native American Resistance
Chapter 2, Section 1 In North America, the Franciscans converted Native Americans to Christianity and established dozens of missions—headquarters where the missionaries lived and worked. With the help of soldiers, the Spanish forced Native Americans into settled villages, or congregaciones, where they were expected to farm and worship like Catholic Europeans.

Missions and Native American Resistance
Chapter 2, Section 1 Some Native Americans resisted the attempts of the missionaries. In 1680, the Pueblo drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe in what is called the Pueblo Revolt of The Indians wanted to return to their traditional religious practices. Rebellions also occurred in Florida in the late 1600s.

Spanish Explorers and Colonies - Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 1 Spanish conquerors of the Americas were called_________________. (A) hidalgos (B) conquistadors (C) mestizos (D) heretics Why did Spain want to settle the West Coast of North America? (A) To protect their settlements from Indian raids (B) To profit more fully from the encomienda system (C) To establish trade routes across the Pacific Ocean (D) To search for the seven golden cities Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

Maps on the Atlantic World

Spanish Explorers and Colonies - Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 1 Spanish conquerors of the Americas were called_________________. (A) hidalgos (B) conquistadors (C) mestizos (D) heretics Why did Spain want to settle the West Coast of North America? (A) To protect their settlements from Indian raids (B) To profit more fully from the encomienda system (C) To establish trade routes across the Pacific Ocean (D) To search for the seven golden cities Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

Jamestown What were the goals of England’s explorers?
Chapter 2, Section 2 What were the goals of England’s explorers? What challenges did Jamestown’s early settlers face? What was the role of tobacco in Virginia and how did it contribute to Bacon’s Rebellion? Why were relations uneasy between English settlers and Native Americans?

English Explorers John Cabot
Chapter 2, Section 2 John Cabot Cabot, an Italian, was the first known explorer sailing for the English to cross the Atlantic. Sir Martin Frobisher Frobisher sailed three voyages across the Atlantic in the late 1500s, in search of a trade route to Asia that went past or through the continent of North America — the Northwest Passage. John Davis Davis also made three voyages in search of the Northwest Passage. Henry Hudson Thinking he found the Northwest Passage, Hudson sailed 150 miles up a river in New York (now the Hudson River) before he realized it was not the route he had hoped for. Sir Francis Drake Drake was the first English captain to sail around the world. Drake was an English privateer who, under the direction of Queen Elizabeth I, raided Spanish treasure ships and cities in the Americas.

An English Interest in Colonization
Chapter 2, Section 2 Why did the English want to colonize North America? “As in the case of Spain, national glory, profit, and religious mission merged in early English thinking about the New World.” (GML, p.48) The ruling and merchant class in England had their own reasons, while the common people had their reasons. But all Englishmen and women saw America as a land of opportunity.

Chapter 2, Section 2 There were several reasons why England decided it should establish a colony in the Americas: Religious motivations “The Reformation heightened the English government’s sense of Catholic Spain as its mortal enemy.” (p.48) Protestant England expressed its desire to liberate the New World from the tyranny of the pope.” English Puritans and Catholics faced discrimination and persecution at home. America might serve as a refuge.

Chapter 2, Section 2 Economic and poltical motivations Privateers wanted a base in the Americas from which they could attack Spanish ships and cities. (A weakened Spain strengthened England.) They wanted to have supply stations set up in North America for trading ships when the Northwest Passage was finally found. English merchants wanted new markets. The Americas would be a good place to send those who could not find housing or work in England (“masterless men”).

Why were the English Interested in American Colonization?
The Americas would be a good place to send those who could not find housing or work in England (“masterless men”). The English elites wanted to replicate England’s hierarchal class system in America. The common people saw America as a chance to break free of the hierarchy. Today’s servant could become tomorrow’s landowner or merchant. America had land! Land was unavailable to the large majority of English. In America, land could be obtained. Land = independence=freedom=a voice in government! Land meant liberty!!!!!!

Chapter 2, Section 2 Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to start a colony on Roanoke Island, along the coast of present-day North Carolina, in It failed. A second attempt, made two years later, ended mysteriously. (“Croatoan”)

America as a Land of Opportunity – a refuge Why would individuals want to emigrate to America?
“As early as 1516, when Thomas More published Utopia, a novel set on an imaginary island in the Western Hemisphere, the image of America as a place where settlers could escape from the economic inequalities of Europe had been circulating in Europe.” “The image of the New World as a unique place of opportunity, where the English laboring classes could regain economic independence by acquiring land and where even criminals could enjoy a second chance, was deeply rooted from the earliest days of settlement.” In 1607, a newly arrived John Smith said that in America, “every man may be the master and owner of his own labor and land.” “The main lure for emigrants from England to America was not so much riches in gold and silver as the promise of independence that followed from owning land.” (GML, p.50) “Land, English settlers believed, was the basis for liberty.” (p.52)

What do these items have to do with early Virginia?

What do these images have to do w/early Virginia?

Representative government in Virginia

Is this history?

John Smith & Pocahontas (& John Rolfe) on film

The Jamestown Settlement
Chapter 2, Section 2 To establish an American Colony, English businessmen first had to get a charter, or certificate of permission, from the king. The charter allowed them to form a joint-stock company—a company funded and run by a group of investors who share the company’s profits and losses. The company, the Virginia Company, sent 100 colonists to Virginia in They came for gold and quick riches. They named their new village Jamestown, in honor of King James I. The colony nearly failed, due to conflict with Native Americans unrealistic expectations of settlers not used to doing hard work poor location—near a swamp with disease-carrying mosquitoes starvation poor leadership

Governing the Colony Chapter 2, Section 2 In 1609, the Virginia Company received a new charter that allowed them to appoint a governor who would live in the colony. was known as “the starving time.” Less than 60 colonist out of 500 remained alive. But that year John Rolfe arrived. He had something that would save Virginia – tobacco seeds. Following a period of imprisonment by the English, Pocahontas converted to Christianity, married John Rolfe and cemented a truce between the Powhatans and English.

Powhatan and Pocahontas
“When the English arrived at Jamestown…some 15,000 to 25,000 Indians lived in numerous agricultural villages in the area…The chief, called Powhatan by the English, quickly realized the benefits of trade w/the newcomers…” “Realizing that the colonists depended on the Indians for food, John Smith tried to stop settlers from seizing produce from nearby villages…”

Powhatan and Pocahontas
“In the first two years of Jamestown’s existence, relations w/Indians were mostly peaceful…At one point Smith was captured and threatened w/execution by Powhatan, only to be rescued by Pocahontas (probably part of an elaborate ceremony to demonstrate Powhatan’s power).”

Pocahontas “Pocahontas became an intermediary between the two peoples…” “After John Smith returned to England, tensions increased…Pocahontas was taken hostage by the settlers…she converted to Christianity and married John Rolfe as part of a restoration of peace…” “Once it became clear that the English were interested in establishing a permanent and constantly expanding colony…conflict was inevitable …The peace ended abruptly in 1622.”(GML, pgs )

Growing Tobacco and Finding Labor
Chapter 2, Section 2 The Promise of Land Tobacco saved the Virginia colonists from failure. Large tobacco plantations sprang up around the Jamestown area. In order to produce large crops of tobacco, planters needed a way to persuade laborers to settle in America. The headright system, introduced in 1618, granted each person who came to the colony 50 acres of land. This policy helped attract English settlers to America. Indentured Servants “In the 17th c., nearly 2/3 of English settlers came as indentured servants.” Many English who wanted to sail to America could not afford the voyage. The became indentured servants, agreeing to work for a master for a period of time in exchange for the cost of the voyage, food, and shelter. Between 100,000 and 150,000 men and women came as servants to work in the fields of Virginia and Maryland during the 1600s. Many died young due to the hot climate and disease.

The headright system attracts settlers
In order to produce large crops of tobacco, planters needed a way to persuade laborers to settle in America. The headright system, introduced in 1618, granted each person who came to the colony 50 acres of land. If someone paid for the transportation of settlers, he received their 50 acres. This policy helped attract English settlers to Virginia (America). During the 17th C., the vast majority of colonists who arrived in Virginia and Maryland (3/4) came as indentured servants. They fled deprivation in their homeland hoping for a new start in America. Most died before being eligible for their freedom dues.

Governing the Colony Chapter 2, Section 2 In 1619, Virginia gained a legislative, or lawmaking assembly, made up of representatives from the colony. This assembly was called the House of Burgesses. This legislature was the first example of limited self-government in the English colonies. White male landowners were allowed to vote. This meant they had a voice in what happened in the colony.

Africans Arrive Chapter 2, Section 2 “Also in 1619, the first twenty Africans arrived in Virginia on a Dutch ship. The full significance of these two events would not be apparent until years later. But they laid the foundation for a society that would one day be dominated economically and politically by slave owning planters.” (GML, p.57) These first Africans came as indentured servants. Many of them eventually gained land and servants of their own. Within a few decades Africans in Virginia saw their freedom restricted as slavery became more prevalent.

This change coincided with a rapid increase in tobacco exports.
Governing the Colony Chapter 2, Section 2 When the Virginia Company was unable to turn a steady profit, King James took away its charter. In 1624, Virginia become a royal colony, with a governor appointed by the king. This change coincided with a rapid increase in tobacco exports.

American Tobacco Imported by England 1616-1626
Chapter 2, Section 2

English and Native Americans
Unlike the Spanish, English colonists did not want to rule over or assimilate the Indians they found; they wanted the Indians’ land. Although English colonial authorities insisted that the Indians had no real claim to the land because they did not farm or improve it, most authorities in practice recognized Indians’ title to land based on their occupancy.

English and Native Americans
English colonists acquired Indian land by purchase, often through treaties forced on the natives after they had defeated them in the recurrent warfare which wracked the English colonies, a process that thoroughly displaced the Indians from their original territories.

English and the Indians
Though many eastern Indians initially welcomed English settlers, particularly for the goods they introduced to native culture, such as cloth, metal tools, and guns, many Indians gradually came to resent the changes English colonization wrought in Indian life. Men turned more to hunting beaver and fur trading, older skills fell into disuse with the appearance of English technologies, and alcohol became common and disruptive. As the colonists developed a military advantage over the Indians, profits from the fur trade flowed mostly to colonial and European merchants.

English and the Indians
English colonists also introduced diseases that led to devastating epidemics. English settlement transformed the land and its uses, threatening Indians’ way of life through fencing, new crops, livestock like pigs and cattle, which trampled Indian crops, and the depletion of forests to supply wood for the English domestic market.

Conflict With Native Americans
Chapter 2, Section 2 English Pattern of Conquest The English pattern of conquest grew out of their experiences in taking over Ireland. Because they met with such resistance in Ireland, they developed a harsh attitude toward conquered people. They believed it best to remake any culture they conquered. Native Americans React In 1622, Native Americans attacked Jamestown, intending to wipe out the English. The attempt failed, but 350 colonists (more than 25 percent of the population) and at least as many Native Americans were killed. The English forced the Indians to recognize their subordination to the local gov’t and moved them onto reservations. Native Americans tried again in This attempt also failed.

Women and the Family in Early Virginia
“Virginia lacked one essential element of English society – stable family life.” “The colony actively promoted the immigration of women, including several dozen “tobacco brides” who arrived in late 1620 and 1621 for arranged marriages.” “…men in the Chesapeake outnumbered women for most of the 17th century by four or five to one.”

Women and the Family in Early Virginia
“The vast majority of women who emigrated to the region came as indentured servants (same reason for men)” “The high death rate, unequal ratio between the sexes, and late age of marriage for those who found partners retarded population growth and produced a society with large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans.” (GML, p.60) However, social conditions opened the doors (for some) to roles women rarely assumed in England. Since “most women came to Virginia as indentured servants, they could look forward to a life of hard labor in the tobacco fields and early death.” (GML, pgs.60-61)

Important Dates in Early Virginia
1607 – Jamestown founded…settled by “a quarrelsome band of gentlemen and servants” who expected to find gold and silver and return handsome profit for Virginia Company investors… the “starving time” by end of winter only 65 colonists remained alive (out of over 400 that had arrived since 1607) John Rolfe arrives in spring and plants some tobacco he managed somehow to bring from Spanish islands in Caribbean. 1614 – John Rolfe marries Pocahontas...a temporary peace is restored in Virginia…the couple travel to England in 1616.

Important Dates in Early Virginia
Virginia Company introduced the headright system to attract settlers. 1619 – House of Burgesses becomes first elected assembly in America Africans arrive aboard a Dutch vessel and are sold as indentured servants. Indian uprising claims one-quarter of Virginia’s population of 1,200. 1624 – English king revokes Virginia Company’s charter…Virginia becomes royal colony…governor now appointed by the king Tobacco crop “saves” Virginia and creates economic boom…over 200,000 pounds grown that year…40 years later, the crop totaled 15 million pounds and doubled again by 1680s… Bacon’s Rebellion…results in shift toward African slavery

The Maryland Experiment
Maryland was established in 1632 as a proprietary colony under Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore). Calvert imagined Maryland as a feudal domain, but one which would act as a place of refuge for persecuted Catholics. “Although Calvert disliked representative government and disapproved of any voice in governing by ordinary people, the colonial charter guaranteed to colonists ‘all privileges, franchises, and liberties’ of Englishmen.” Here was a recipe for conflict, and Maryland had more than its share during the 17th century.” (GML, p.61)

Religion and Growing Strife in Maryland
Although the death rate was high, it seems to have offered indentured servants greater opportunity for land ownership than Virginia. Religious and political battles emerged and Maryland was on the verge of total anarchy in the 1640s. It was Calvert’s hope that Catholics and Protestants could live in harmony, but Protestants always outnumbered Catholics. The early colonial elite was Catholic, while the vast majority of settlers and servants were Protestant – and increasingly envious of, and bitter toward the Catholic elite.

Religion and Growing Strife in Maryland
Maryland, like England, erupted into civil war in the 1640s. The English King, who sympathized with Catholics lost to the forces of Parliament. The Catholic elite in Maryland tried desperately to hold onto power by making reforms. Lord Baltimore appointed a Protestant governor to govern along with a Protestant majority in the assembly. In 1649, Maryland adopted an Act Concerning Religion which inscribed into law toleration of all “Christian” faiths. The act did not establish religious toleration for non-Christians and non-believers.

Bacon’s Rebellion Chapter 2, Section 2 Meanwhile in Virginia, settlers on the western frontier grew angry that the governor of Virginia refused to raise troops to defend them against Indian raids. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised a private army to fight the Native Americans and take their land. Governor Berkeley declared Bacon a rebel and sent an army to stop him. Bacon and his troops attacked and burned Jamestown, charging that the government had failed to protect the settlers, and that the settlers had too little a voice in government.

What was the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?
Chapter 2, Section 2 Bacon controlled almost all of Virginia until his death, after which Bacon’s Rebellion crumbled. His rebellion was important because it showed that poorer colonists would not tolerate a government that only served the needs of the wealthy. Bacon’s Rebellion also dramatized the growing risks involved to the planter elite’s reliance on indentured labor. Increasing numbers of former indentured servants were seeking land and a voice in the colony’s affairs. Landowners began relying increasingly on enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants, fearing economic and political competition and additional uprisings.

Jamestown - Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 2 Privately owned ships hired by a government to attack foreign ships are _________________. (A) headrights (B) charters (C) brigadoons (D) privateers English explorers Frobisher, Davis, and Hudson all searched for ____________. (A) Spanish ships and cities to rob (B) the Northwest Passage (C) the Seven Cities of Gold (D) Roanoke Colony Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

North America by 1700

The New England Colonies
Chapter 2, Section 3 What was the pattern of French settlement in North America? What were the goals of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies? Why was there dissent within the Puritan community? Why did war break out between the Indians and the English settlers?

The French in North America
Chapter 2, Section 3 Giovanni de Verrazano Verrazano, an Italian who sailed for the French, explored the coast of North America from present-day North Carolina to Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage. He also entered New York harbor. Jacques Cartier Cartier made three voyages to Canada. The French king claimed the region Cartier explored as New France. Cartier had explored the St. Lawrence River as far as the modern-day city of Montreal but failed to establish a permanent colony in North America. Samuel de Champlain Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America, at Quebec, in He also mapped the Atlantic shores as far south as Massachusetts and traveled inland to the lakes now known as Lake Huron and Lake Champlain. Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette Searching for the Northwest Passage, Joliet and Marquette traveled from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River in They did not find the passage, but they did sail down the Mississippi.

The French in North America
Chapter 2, Section 3 The Fur Trade The French in New France discovered that fur could be sold in Europe for great profit. Native Americans trapped the animals, then traded the fur to the French. The fur trade determined the shape of New France. New France stuck close to the waterways because water was vital for transporting goods. The Iroquois The French presence in North America led to an increase in warfare among Native Americans. The fur trade caused different Indian groups to fight over hunting territory. One group, the Iroquois, who were based in present-day New York State, were very successful at both war and trade. The Iroquois pushed rival Native American tribes out of their homelands, forcing them to migrate west of the Great Lakes.

New France and the Indians
With few settlers, friendly relations with the Indians were essential for France. New France developed largely as fur trading posts and small settlements. The French prided themselves on adopting a more humane policy toward the Indians than Spain, yet their contact still brought disease and depletion of animals from fur trading. The metis were children of Indian women and French men. By 1750, New France, in present-day Quebec, Canada, had a population of only 55, 000 compared to over 2.5 million English colonists.

A Second Round of Colonization
English Religious Dissenters Settle New England

The Rise of Puritanism Chapter 2, Section 3 Who were the Puritans? Who were the Separatists? In England, in 1534, King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to found a Protestant church. The English who complained that this new church continued too many Catholic practices were called Puritans, because they wanted a “purer” kind of church. Some Puritans started separate churches of their own and were called Separatists. Both Puritans and Separatists were persecuted (attacked) because of their beliefs. Puritans considered religious belief a complex and demanding matter, urging believers to seek the truth by reading the Bible and listening to sermons.

* Pilgrims and Puritans

Pilgrims and Puritans: Seekers of Refuge

The Pilgrims The people we call the Pilgrims were religious dissidents known as Separatists. Their disagreements with the Church of England led them to separate from the Church. These Pilgrims, sailed to New England on the Mayflower. They founded Plymouth Colony where they hoped to worship as they wanted.

Pilgrims at Plymouth Before landing, the Pilgrims made an agreement, the Mayflower Compact, that they would obey all of their government’s laws. This belief in self-government would later become one of the founding principles of the United States.

They settled in an abandoned Indian village.
Pilgrims at Plymouth The Pilgrims arrived in an area whose native population had recently been decimated by smallpox. They settled in an abandoned Indian village. More than half of the Pilgrims died the first winter. Local Native Americans, like Squanto, helped the English learn how to grow crops.

Pilgrims at Plymouth Squanto provided much help to the Pilgrims and to celebrate their bountiful harvest and friendship the Pilgrims held the first Thanksgiving in 1621. “The Pilgrims hoped to establish a colony based on the lives of the early Christian saints.” “Plymouth survived as an independent colony until 1691, but it was soon overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay to its north.” (GML, pgs.64-65) It was in Massachusetts Bay where a much larger group of Protestant dissenters settled – the Puritans.

“The First Thanksgiving”

The Rise of Puritanism Chapter 2, Section 3 “The Puritans (and Separatists) followed the teachings of John Calvin who taught that the world was divided between the elect and the damned.” This concept of predestination taught that “all persons sought salvation, but whether one was among the elect or the damned had already been predetermined by God. His will, ultimately was unknowable, and nothing one did on earth made any difference. But while there were no guarantees of salvation, worldly success – leading a good life, prospering economically – might well be indications of God’s grace. Idleness and immoral behavior were signs of damnation” (GML, pgs.60-61)

A City set upon a hill… PURITAN BELIEF AND 'MANIFEST DESTINY.
They sailed from England with a dream. Their Puritan vision was for the New World to be a 'city set upon a hill', and a light to the world. This later overflowed into a sense of 'manifest destiny' and a belief that America will lead the world into a new era of peace and security. The Puritans were one of the first to develop the idea of American exceptionalism.

Why did the Puritans establish a colony in New England?
Economic hardship as well as religious persecution motivated Puritan immigration. Many Puritans immigrated to the New World in hopes of establishing a Bible Commonwealth (A model society built on Christian principles) that would eventually influence England – and perhaps the rest of the world. This is what John Winthrop meant when he exhorted: “[We shall be] as a City set upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.”

A model society based on Christian principles
“[We shall be] as a City set upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.” They came to redeem the world from sin (and save their own children from temptation). They came to America in search of liberty and the right to worship and govern themselves. (But, they did not tolerate dissent.)

The Puritans and Moral Liberty
Puritans were governed by a “moral liberty.” Moral liberty, according to Winthrop was much different than “natural liberty,” which was “a liberty to do evil.” Moral liberty meant “a liberty to that only which is good.” “It was quite compatible with severe restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior.” Moral liberty, or “true freedom,” according to Winthrop, “depended on ‘subjection to authority,’ both religious and secular – otherwise anarchy was to follow.” (submission to Christ.) “To Puritans, liberty meant that the elect had a right to establish churches and govern society, not that others could challenge their beliefs and authority.” (GML, p.63)

The Great Migration Leads to a “New England” and the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Chapter 2, Section 3 In the Great Migration, thousands of English settlers moved to New England. Though many of them were Puritans who migrated so they could worship as they pleased, they did not believe in religious tolerance—the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together. “The Massachusetts Bay Colony was chartered in 1629 by London merchants wanting to further the Puritan cause and to turn a profit from trade with the Indians.” “The first five ships sailed from England in 1629.” “By 1642, about 21,000 Puritans had migrated to Massachusetts.” “After 1640 migration to New England virtually ceased…” (GML, p.65)

The New England Way Chapter 2, Section 3 “New England settlement was very different from that in the Chesapeake colonies in several key ways: New England had a more equal balance between men and women. New England enjoyed a longer life expectancy. New England had many more families and far fewer indentured servants. New England enjoyed a healthier climate. New England had a large number of small towns, rather than farms and plantations.

The New England Way Chapter 2, Section 3 “Families in New England tended to be large. Most had at least six children, and families with nine or more children were common. Food was plentiful, and the diseases that plagued Jamestown were unable to survive in New England’s cold climate. As a result, in one town 85% of all children lived to adulthood.” Prosperity was much more widespread among New Englanders [than those in the Chesapeake.]. (GML, pgs.65-66)

The Puritan Family Puritans reproduced the family structure of England with the father as the head of the family. Women were allowed full church membership and divorce was legal, but a woman was expected to obey her husband. Puritans believed that a woman achieved genuine freedom by fulfilling her prescribed social role and embracing subjection to her husband’s authority. The Puritan plan was to have well-ordered families in well-ordered towns in a well-ordered colony.

Government and Society in Puritan Massachusetts
“Puritans feared excessive individualism and lack of social unity.” People had to put the community before themselves. Children were expected to be obedient. “Massachusetts was organized into self-governing towns. Groups of settlers received a land grant from the colony’s government and then subdivided it, with residents awarded house lots in a central area and land on the outskirts for farming.” “Much land remained in commons, either for collective use or to be divided among later arrivals or the sons of the town’s founders.” Each town had a Congregational Church and a school. To train an educated ministry, Harvard College was established in 1636.” (GML, pgs.67-68)

“The government of Massachusetts reflected the Puritan’s religious and social vision.” “The shareholders of the Mass. Bay Colony emigrated to America taking the charter with them and transforming a commercial document into a form of government.” “At first the eight shareholders chose the men who ruled the colony.”

“In 1634, a group of deputies elected from freemen (landowning church members) was added to form a single ruling body, the General Court. Ten years later, company officers and elected deputies were divided into two legislative house.” “The freemen of Massachusetts elected their governor, unlike the situation in the Chesapeake colonies.” “The principle of consent was central to Puritanism.” “Church government was decentralized.” “Although male property holders generally chose local officials, voting in colony-wide elections was limited to men who had been accepted as full church members.” (GML, p.68)

Puritan Liberties “Puritans defended liberties by social rank, producing a rigid hierarchical society justified by God’s will” “The Body of Liberties affirmed the rights of free speech and assembly and equal protection for all. ..There were separate categories for freemen, women, children, and servants…slavery was also permitted” “Although ministers were forbidden to hold office in Mass., church and state were closely interconnected.”

Puritans and Dissent “Like so many other emigrants to America, Puritans came in search of liberty, especially the right to worship and govern themselves in what they deemed a truly Christian manner.” (Give Me Liberty, p.63) What did liberty mean to the Puritans? (How did they define liberty?) Did their determination to practice their faith free from the persecution they faced in England, make them sympathetic to different religious views among those who settled with them? How did they deal with religious dissenters? See pgs.63, 69-72

New Englanders Divided
“The Puritans exalted individual judgment – hence their insistence on reading the Bible.” “Yet modern ideas of individualism, privacy, and personal freedom would have struck Puritans as quite strange. They considered too much emphasis on the “self” dangerous to social harmony and community stability.” There was no room for religious dissent. The Puritans believed that their mission would be threatened by dissent. They dealt harshly with dissenters fearing that God would punish them for allowing sin. Recall the Puritan idea of liberty was moral liberty – submitting ones’ self to Christ.

New Englanders Divided
“In the closely knit towns of New England, residents carefully monitored one another’s behavior and chastised or expelled those who violated community norms.” “Tolerance of difference was not high on the list of Puritan values.” (GML, p.69) The Puritans feared bringing God’s wrath down upon the whole society because of a few “sinners.”

Dissent in the Puritan Community
Chapter 2, Section 3 Roger Williams Founds Providence Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was banished from Massachusetts in 1635, after quarreling with Puritan authorities. Williams argued two main points: He believed that the English king did not have the authority to give away land in North America that rightly belonged to Native Americans. He also believed that the government should not interfere with or punish settlers over matters of religion. His new settlement, called Providence, guaranteed religious tolerance of all settlers. Other Separatist Colonies In 1638, a new group of Separatists from England founded New Haven, in present-day Connecticut. In 1662, New Haven and the Connecticut Colony were combined into a single royal colony. In 1638, John Wheelwright founded a colony at Exeter, in present-day New Hampshire. Anne Hutchinson Is Banished Anne Hutchinson believed that it was wrong to obey the church if by doing so a person felt he or she was disobeying God. Her home in Boston became a center for those who wanted to think for themselves, and critics of the government gathered there. She was called to trial and the courts declared her “unfit for our society.” She was banished from Massachusetts in 1637.

Roger Williams “Forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils.” Roger Williams No one should be compelled to worship anything they did not believe. ‘“Soul liberty,’ Williams believed, required that individuals be allowed to follow their consciences wherever they led.” (GML, p.70) Williams believed that church and state should be separate – a key idea of American freedom that would be enshrined into our Constitution.

Relations with Native Americans
The Native population of New England numbered perhaps 100,000 when the Puritans arrived. To New England’s leaders, the Indians represented both savagery and temptation. Indians enjoyed freedom, but of the ‘wrong’ kind, what John Winthrop condemned as undisciplined “natural liberty” rather than a “moral liberty” of a civilized Christian. Some Puritan leaders feared that Indian society might prove attractive to colonists who lacked the proper moral fiber. Puritans announced that they intended to bring Christian faith to the Indians, but did nothing first 20 years of settlement. Eventually, the Puritans convinced about 1,000 Native Americans to adopt Puritan religious beliefs and live in “praying towns.”

Relations with Native Americans
But, above all, disputes between the Puritans and Native Americans arose over land use. For every acre a colonial farmer needed to support life, a Native American needed twenty for hunting, fishing, and agriculture. To Native Americans, no one owned the land – it was there for everyone to use. Puritans generally saw Indians as an obstacle to be pushed aside, rather than as potential converts and justified taking uncultivated land.

War With the Indians The Pequot War
Chapter 2, Section 3 The Pequot War The Pequot people of Connecticut struck out against the English settlers. In response, the Massachusetts Bay Colony sent an army to attack them in 1637 in what is known as the Pequot War. The army hunted and destroyed all but a handful of the Pequot. sachem—a Native American leader King Philip’s War Indians in New England resented the settlers taking their land. In 1675, the Indian leader Metacom, known in American history as King Philip, united Indian groups and attempted to drive the English out of New England. Many Indians and English were killed in King Philip’s War before the English eventually won. The war devastated New England’s economy for years to come and left Native American life in southern New England virtually extinct.

The New England Economy
“The leaders of the NE colonies prided themselves on the idea that religion was the primary motivation for emigration…But economic motives were hardly unimportant.” “Most Puritans came from the middle ranks of society and paid for their family’s passage…” “The Puritans sought in New England not only religious liberty, but economic advancement.” (GML, p.75)

“…to Puritans no contradiction existed between piety and profit so long as one did not forget the needs of the larger community.” “Success in ones’ calling might be taken as a sign of divine grace.” “…New Englanders turned to fishing and timber for exports. But the economy centered on family farms…” “…there were very few slaves…nor were indentured servants as central to the economy as in the Chesapeake…” “Per capita wealth in NE lagged far behind that of the Chesapeake, but it was much more equally distributed…Nonetheless, as in the Chesapeake, economic development produces a measure of social inequality.” (GML, pgs.75-76)

“New England gradually assumed a growing role within the British empire based on trade…” Especially in Boston, a powerful class of merchants arose who challenged some key Puritan policies, including the subordination of economic activity to the common good.” “While Puritans never abandoned the idea that economic activity should serve the general welfare, Boston merchants soon came to exercise a decisive influence on public affairs.” “Eventually, the Puritan experiment would evolve into a merchant-dominated colonial government.” (GML, p.76)

“By the mid-17th century, some Puritan leaders began to worry of their society’s growing commercialization and declining piety.” “By 1650, less than half of the population of Boston had been admitted to full church membership.” “Half-Way Covenant of 1662 was attempt to increase church membership, but even with this compromise church membership continued to stagnate.” “By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness and immoral behavior “…Yet hard work and commercial success in one’s chosen calling had always been central to Puritan values. In this sense, the commercialization of New England was as much a fulfillment of the Puritan mission in America as a betrayal.” (GML, p.77)

Salem Witch Trials The Puritans’ successful commercialization was as much a fulfillment of the Puritan mission as a betrayal. But not all Puritans shared in the growing good fortune, nor were all quite sure if it was right for some to prosper while others lagged behind. In 1692, after the Salem witch trials, twenty men and women in Salem, Massachusetts, were executed because they were believed to be practicing witchcraft. Some accusers used the occasion to settle old scores within the Salem community.

The Rise of Puritanism Chapter 2, Section 3 What is a legacy of the Puritans? The Puritans loathed idleness. One old Puritan saying was, “Idleness is the devil’s workshop.” They believed in hard work, not as a way to grow wealthier, but as a way to serve the greater good – and stay out of trouble by keeping busy. Many Americans have always had a strong distaste for aiding the poor , seeing their poverty as proof of the impoverished own indolence or lack of character, while at the same admiring the successful, and justifying great inequalities in wealth. This is one legacy of the Puritans.

The New England Colonies - Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 3 What product helped the French gain great wealth in New France? (A) Gold (B) Corn (C) Maple syrup (D) Fur Puritans who started churches of their own were called ____________. (A) Separatists (B) Pilgrims (C) Sachems (D) Reformers Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

The Middle and Southern Colonies
Chapter 2, Section 4 What was the early history of the Dutch in New York? What were the characteristics of the other Middle Colonies? Why did people settle in the Southern Colonies?

The Middle Colonies Chapter 2, Section 4 Settlers of the Middle Colonies, the colonies immediately to the south of New England, had a great diversity (variety) of people. The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They are called the Middle Colonies because they are in the middle of the Atlantic Coast of North America.

The Dutch in New York A Thriving Colony
Chapter 2, Section 4 A Thriving Colony In 1625, the Dutch founded a trading station, New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Hudson River. They made arrangements with local Native Americans to build homes on Manhattan Island. They grew prosperous trading fur and other goods with Europe. Religious tolerance was a firm rule in the colony. The Dutch built the first synagogue, or house of Jewish worship, in North America. England Takes Over In 1664, the English King Charles II declared that the Dutch colony belonged to his brother, the Duke of York. The Duke of York sent ships and troops to New Amsterdam, forcing the Dutch to give up the town. New Amsterdam was renamed New York. The colony of New York was a proprietary colony—a colony granted by a king or queen to an individual or group that had full governing rights.

The Other Middle Colonies
Chapter 2, Section 4 New Jersey The Duke of York divided New Jersey between two English noblemen. In 1702, both halves united to form a single royal colony called New Jersey. Pennsyl-vania Englishman William Penn received the land that makes up Pennsylvania from King Charles II as repayment for debts owed. Penn established good relations with the Native Americans before bringing settlers over from England. Most of Penn’s settlers were Quakers, members of a Protestant group that had suffered persecution in England. Quakers believed firmly that all people should be treated as equals in society. Pennsylvania became a haven, or safe place, for people of every faith. Delaware The Dutch captured this trading village from the Swedes, who had settled there in The Duke of York captured it from the Dutch. The Duke of York gave Delaware to William Penn in 1682. In 1704, Delaware became a separate colony.

The Colonies in America, 1607-1776
Chapter 2, Section 4 Colony European Settlement Reason for Settlement Leaders Charter 1 Economic Activities New England Colonies Massachusetts Plymouth ( ) Bay Colony ( ) 1620 Escape religious Persecution Establish a Puritan commonwealth William Bradford John Winthrop Mayflower Compact ; Joint-stock Joint-stock ; Royal Two colonies merged in 1691; Royal Fishing, lumber shipbuilding, triangular trade, rum, whaling 1623 New Hampshire Exeter (1638) Profit from trade and fishing Escape religious persecution Benning Wentworth; John Wentworth John Wheelwright Proprietary ; joint-stock (part of Massachusetts Bay) ; royal Trade, fishing 1634 Connecticut Establish a Puritan settlement, establish a fur trade route Thomas Hooker Self-governing ; corporate Triangular trade 1636 Rhode Island 2 Escape religious intolerance of Massachusetts Bay Roger Williams Self-governing ; joint-stock ;corporate Shipping, livestock, agriculture

The Colonies in America, 1607-1776, cont.
Chapter 2, Section 4 Colony European Settlement Reason for Settlement Leaders Charter 1 Economic Activities New England Colonies New York 3 1624 Expansion Peter Stuyvesant; James, Duke of York Richard Nicolls; Thomas Dongan Colony of Dutch West Indian Co. ; proprietary (English) ; royal Wheat, milling lumber, furs, sugar refining, distilling, shipbuilding, trade 1638 Delaware 4 Trade Johan Pritz; Johan Rising; William Penn Proprietary (Swedish) ; Colony of Dutch West Indian Co. ; proprietary (part of Penn. after 1682); royal Trade, fishing 1630 New Jersey Expansion; trading post; refuge for Quakers from England John Berkeley; John Carteret Colony of Dutch West Indian Co. ; proprietary ; royal Trade, farming 1644 Pennsylvania Swedish expansion; establish a Quaker colony, religious tolerance William Penn Part of neighboring Swedish, Dutch, and English colonies until 1681; proprietary ; royal ; proprietary Trade, farming

The Colonies in America, 1607-1776, cont.
Chapter 2, Section 4 Colony European Settlement Reason for Settlement Leaders Charter 1 Economic Activities Southern Colonies Virginia 1607 Search for gold; English outpost against Spain John Smith: John Rolfe; Thomas Dale Joint-stock ; royal Tobacco 1632 Maryland Establish a Catholic settlement escape religious persecution Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) Proprietary ; royal ; proprietary Tobacco 1655 1670 Carolina 5 North Carolina South Carolina Land Wealth, refuge for small farmers; strengthen English possessions in the Americas William Berkeley; Anthony Ashley-Cooper; John Locke Proprietary Proprietary ; royal Proprietary ; royal Ship supplies, rice, indigo, tobacco 1732 Georgia 6 Settlement for debtors; buffer Carolinas from Spanish Florida James Oglethorpe Proprietary ; royal Rice, indigo,ship supplies 1 Corporate colonies were organized by joint-stock company, or corporation, for the benefit of shareholders. Such colonies could only be formed when the English King issued a charter, or certificate of his approval. In a royal colony, a governor appointed by the king served as its chief official, though a colonial assembly approved laws before they could go in to effect. Self-Governing colonies were independent of the king or a corporation. Proprietary colonies were granted by the king to a proprietor, or owner, whether one person or a small group of people. 2 The four original settlements of Providence, Portsmouth, Warwick and Newport created a united government in 1647 under the name “Providence Plantations.” 3 Called New Netherland until 1664 when the English took it from the Dutch. 4 Settled in 1638 by the Swedes and called New Sweden, Seized by the Dutch 1655 and became part of New Netherland. Conquered by English in 1664. 5 North and South Carolina formed a single colony, Carolina, until the were separated in 1712. 6 Originally part of South Carolina.

The Southern Colonies Chapter 2, Section 4 Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. (Virginia was the first; the others began as proprietary colonies.) Maryland Englishman George Calvert wanted to start a colony that would be a safe haven for Roman Catholics who were being persecuted in England. Calvert’s son, Lord Baltimore, established the colony in the Chesapeake Bay area. Baltimore ordered the adoption of the Maryland Toleration Act to ensure that Catholics were protected, as his father had wanted… however, non-Christians were not protected. Planters in Maryland used African slaves to farm tobacco. In 1663, King Charles II granted ownership of Carolina to a group of English noblemen, who split the territory into North and South Carolina in 1712. In 1719, South Carolina became a royal colony. North Carolina became a royal colony in 1729. Both colonies thrived on tobacco profits. The Carolinas Georgia, established in 1732, was managed by trustees. (A trustee is someone entrusted to look after a business.) The trustees, led by James Oglethorpe, wanted Georgia to be a haven for English debtors. In return, the trustees, promised that Georgia would help protect the Southern Colonies from Spanish raiders based in Florida. Catholics were not allowed to settle in Georgia. Settlers had to follow strict rules—no liquor, or slaves. Georgia

What region in the colonies?
A whaling B tobacco

What region? c D grain/wheat

What region? e. plantation slavery f. Philadelphia

g.Rice plantation h. lumber
Which region? g.Rice plantation h. lumber

i. shipbuilding j. Quakers
What region? i. shipbuilding j. Quakers

K. Religious diversity and toleration
Which region? K. Religious diversity and toleration l

The Middle and Southern Colonies - Assessment
Chapter 2, Section 4 A proprietary colony is granted by____________. (A) trustees (B) a king or queen (C) a governor (D) a company Which colony was established as a haven for English people who could not pay their debts? (A) North Carolina (B) New York (C) Pennsylvania (D) Georgia Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback