1. Learning goals: 1. Identify turning events in the last year of the war
Learning goals: 1. Identify turning events in the last year of the war. 2. Analyze the outcomes of the war, specifically the impact of the Treaty of Versailles and its long term effects throughout the world.

2. Last year of the war 1917- Allies weakened by Russian Revolution
Russia withdrew from war
Main factor for Allied victory- U.S. entry into war
U.S. gave psychological boost & fresh soldiers

3. Last year of the war A new German offensive:
With Russians out, Germans launch full attack
Germans stopped in Second Battle of Marne
1 million American troops in France
Sep 29, German leaders declare loss

4. Last year of the war Collapse & Armistice
Allies unwilling to make peace w/ imperial German gov’t
Social Democrats –new democratic republic
Nov. 11, 1918 gov’t signed a truce- to stop the fighting

5. Last year of the war Revolutionary Forces
Revolutions cont. after the war
German Communist Party crushed by Social Democrats
Austria-Hungary revolutions
Ethnic groups wanted independence
By end of war no more Austro-Hungary
Replaced by independent republics of Austria

6. Peace Settlements Wilson’s Proposal
Wilson proposed his “Fourteen Points” to U.S. Congress
Peace agreements openly
Reducing military forces
Right of people to have it’s own nation
Creating Democratic govt’s

7. Peace Settlements Paris Peace Conference
Complications: secret treaties done before the war (European nations wanted new territories)

8. Peace Settlements David Lloyd George- prime minister of Britain
Wanted Germans to pay

9. Peace Settlements Georges Clemenceau- premier of France
Wanted national security
French suffered most from German aggression
Wanted Germany to lose all weapons
Germany to pay reparations (cover all costs of the war)
Separate Rhineland (buffer state between France & Germany)

10. Peace Settlements
Jan 1919, reps of 27 winning Allied nations met in Paris
Make final settlements of WWI

11. Peace Settlements Germany not invited to conference
Wilson- U.S. President
Proposed a League of Nations (a world organization to prevent future wars)
Conference accepted idea
U.S. Senate denied agreement
Result: weakened Versailles treaty

12. Peace Settlements Treaty of Versailles Peace settlement
Consisted of five separate treaties
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey

13. Peace Settlements Treaty w/ Germany most important
Article 231- Guilt Clause (declared Germany & Austria responsible for starting the war)
Order Germans to pay reparations for all damage on Allied gov’ts
Germany had to reduce its army
Cut back navy
Get rid of air force
Alsace & Lorraine went to France

14. Peace Settlements Demilitarized zone in Rhineland
This would serve as barrier from any future German attacks on France
German gov’t unhappy w/ treaty
Accepted- didn’t want to risk new war

15. Peace Settlements A New Map of Europe Europe was largely redrawn
German & Russian empires lost much territory
Austro-Hungary disappeared
New nation-states appeared
Romania had new lands

18. Peace Settlements Ottoman Empire was broken
Allies had promised independence for Arab states
At end of war, changed their mind
France took Lebanon & Syria
Britain took Iraq & Palestine
Acquisitions called mandates:
Nation officially governed another nation, but did not own territory

20. Peace Settlements War’s Legacy Death of almost 10 million people
Power of gov’t over citizens increased
Revolutions broke up old empires
Creation of new states, new problems
Hope the world would return to normal- not the case