1. STREETS, PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLES
Sustainable Transportation
8 February 2013

2. Outlines Streets Pedestrians Bicycles Conceptualizing
Principles of Street Design
Pedestrians
Pedestrian Planning Principles
Pedestrian Planning Tools
Pedestrian Design Tools
Measuring Pedestrian Success
Bicycles
Bicycling Principles
Bicycling Facility Design
Measuring Bicycle Success

3. Streets Conceptualizing Support adjacent land uses.
Priority for the movement of each mode.
Relationship to other streets in the network.
Available right-of-way.

4. Complete Streets
A Complete Street is designed for safe comfortable, and convenient movement both along and across the right-of-way by people of all ages and abilities using multiple modes.
Benefits of Complete Streets:
Safety
Health
Children health and safety
Mobility
Climate change prevention

5. Complete Streets Elements of a Complete Street General travel lanes
Parking lanes
Bicycle lanes
Sidewalks
Off-street paths or trails
Additional pedestrian and bicycle elements
Loading zones
Wheelchair ramps and other accommodations for disabilities
Transit stops/stations & transit only-lane
Traffic signal improvements

6. Complete Streets

7. Complete Streets What Complete Streets do? Reduce automobile speeds
Encourage walking
Encourage cycling
Encourage meetings and chance encounters

8. Streets Street Typologies Land-use Context Arterial Collector Local
Alley
Downtown
Downtown arterial
Downtown collector
Downtown street
Service alley
Neighborhood
Main Street
Neighborhood main street
Commercial
Commercial arterial
Commercial collector
Residential
Residential arterial
Residential collector
Residential alley
Industrial
Industrial arterial
Industrial collector
Industrial alley

9. Principles of Street Design
Reflect the landscape
Sensitive area should be avoid.
Aligned to accentuate topography.
Preserve views by aligning streets toward them.
Wind patterns.
Sun patterns.

10. Principles of Street Design
Integrate transportation with land-use planning
Create small blocks. Better distribute traffic
Mixed use neighborhood centers should be within walking distance.
Primary schools should be located within walking distance of all residence.
Dense land uses and major activity centers should be served by frequent transit.
Transit lines should be on straight sections.
Retailer should be visible from major road.
Successful retail demands a busy street that is narrow enough for a pedestrian on one side to see storefronts on the other.
Parks & elementary school should be located far from major streets.

11. Principles of Street Design
Effects of Land Use Density
As density increases, vehicle trips decrease.
Significant reduction at 15 to 30 units/acre (compact, low rise development characteristics)

12. Pedestrians Pedestrian Planning Principles Pedestrian Planning Tools
Pedestrian Design Tools
Measuring Pedestrian Success

13. Pedestrian Planning Principles
The best pedestrian plan is a good land-use plan.
Make sure buildings relate to sidewalks rather than parking lots.
Make sure buildings are pleasure to walk pass.
Provide attractive, consistent lighting of the pedestrian realm.
Make streets leafy.
Design streets with pedestrian in mind.
Calm traffic.
Promote safe routes to schools.

14. Pedestrian Planning Principles
Partner with organizations.
Measure success.
Create welcoming public realm that invites lingering.
Establish and fund priorities.
Make wayfinding intuitive.
Make it feel safe.

15. Pedestrian Planning Principles
Pedestrian-Friendly Environment
Parking lots along the full length of the street front are not pedestrian-friendly.
Parking lots located behind shops and offices are more preferred.
“No parking shall be located between the building and the front property line. On corner lots, no parking shall be located between the building and either of the two front property lines.”
The SeaTac Municipal Code, Section C

16. Pedestrian Planning Tools
Walkability Audits
Tracking Survey
Pedestrian Plans

17. Pedestrian Design Tools
Sidewalk
Overall width
Source: San Francisco Better Street Plan
Land-use Context
Street Type
Minimum
Sidewalk Width
(ft)
Recommended Sidewalk Width (ft)
Commercial
Commercial throughway and neighborhood retail 12 15
Residential
Urban residential
Low-density residential 10
Other
Industrial 8
Parkway 17
Alley 6 9

18. Pedestrian Design Tools
Sidewalk U.S. Highway Capacity Manual provides “level of service” for sidewalks, using space in m2/person as a service measure.

19. Pedestrian Design Tools
Sidewalk Zones
Frontage Zone: The area adjacent to the property line where transitions between the public sidewalk and the space within buildings occur
Throughway Zone: The portion of the sidewalk for pedestrian travel along the street
Furnishing Zone: The portion of the sidewalk used for street trees, landscaping, transit stops, street lights, and site furnishings
Edge Zone: The area used by people getting in and out of vehicles parked at the curbside
Extension Zone: The area where pedestrian space may be extended into the parking lane.

20. Pedestrian Design Tools
Special Sidewalk Zones
Corners should be kept clear of obstructions. They should maintain drivers’ and pedestrians’ clear views of each other.
Transit stops require special layout guidelines to accommodate passengers who are waiting, boarding or alighting, and the need for vehicles to deploy lifts.
Driveways present special challenges to the pedestrian due to changes in cross-slope and the presence of vehicles crossing the sidewalk.
Medians can add substantial greenery to the streetscape, decrease impermeable surface, offer opportunities for pedestrian refuges, and offer locations for lighting and some utilities.

21. Pedestrian Design Tools
Streets
Stop and Yield Lines
Pedestrian signals
Scrambles
Head-start
Actuated
Countdown
Flexible Use of the Parking Lane
Shared Space

22. Measuring Pedestrian Success
True Level of Service should consider:
Distance to Crossings: the average distance between designated crossings.
Crossing Delay: wait time at a signalized intersection.
Comfort: varied upon area type.
Crossing Exposure: no. of lanes to cross and presence of median.
Conflict-free Crossing Time: the total percentage of crossing time when motored vehicles are not allowed.

23. Measuring Pedestrian Success
Aggregate Pedestrian Level of Service for Street Design
LOS
Score
Average Distance to Crossings (meters)
Crossing Delay (seconds)
Comfort index
No. of Lanes to Cross
Conflict Free Crossing Time A 5
30 or less
5 or less
Greater than 5
1 lane
100% B 4
31-60
6-15
4-5
1+1 lanes
60-99% C 3
61-90
16-25
3-4
2+2 lanes with refuge
30-59% D 2
91-120
26-35
2-3
3 lanes
10-29% E 1
36-45
1-2
3+3 lanes with refuge
1-9% F
>150
>45
Less than 1
Any crossing more than 10 meters without refuge 0%

24. Bicycles Bicycling Principles Bicycling Facility Design
Measuring Bicycle Success

25. Bicycling Principles Safety in Numbers Increasing Cycling Numbers
A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking or bicycling when there are more people walking or bicycling.
Increasing Cycling Numbers
A bike for everyone – Bike shared program
Bikeable distances – 3 miles
A bikeway that feels safe
A sociable bikeway
A place to carry and store stuff
A comfortable ride

26. Bicycle Facility Design
Cycling Types
Advanced or beginner
Commuter or recreational
Vehicular or non-vehicular ***
Comprehensive Network
Cohesive
Direct
Understandable
Integrated
Enforced
Clear

27. Bicycle Facility Design
Wayfinding
A series of signs
Road marking
Colored bike lanes
Facilities
Off-street path and trails (share use)
Cycle Track (Separated Bike Lanes)
Bike Lane
Narrow Lane

28. Bicycling Facility Design
Intersections and Junctions
Visibility
Turning Speed
Intersection-only bike lanes and advance stop lines
Limiting right-turn-on-red
Bicycle signals
Separation

29. Bicycling Facility Design
Bike Parking
Location
Observation
Access
Visibility, security, lighting and weather
Parking types
Racks
Lockers
Shelter/garage/indoor

30. Measuring Bicycle Success
Level of Service (HCM)
Off-street – no. of passing
On-streets
Signalized and non signalized intersection – delay
Urban street – speed

31. Homework #4
Plan pedestrian and bicycle network in AIT and surrounding areas. Described types of facilities, functions and selection criteria.