1. Lecture number 4 Mediaeval Eastern philosophy
THE TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY
CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES № 1
Lecture number 4 Mediaeval Eastern philosophy

2. 1. Features of the Arab-Islamic philosophy.
The plan:
1. Features of the Arab-Islamic philosophy.
2. Philosophical view of the medieval Eastern scholars.
3. Sufism.

3. Features   Arab - Muslim   Philosophy:
F ilosofskaya thought was under more less exposure religionthan in Europe and East Asia.
Union disparate Arab Tribes in single great State (Caliphate)contributed Focusing top drain in his Scientific centers andachievement most High level development philosophicalthought.
Philosophy developed no only on background mythologiesdifferent Oriental people, young then and therefore no veryinfluential religions - Islam, but and on base highly science.

4. Arab   and   Arab - lingual   science   in   this   period  gone   far   forward   on   Compared   with   European.
In the VIII-IX centuries cultural development WestEurope was more on extremely, low level onCompared with Arab East, where already bloomedpowerful and original culture.

5. Individual Science, Development which contributedArab - lingual Science:
1. Geography.
2. A stronomiya.
3. Mathematics.
4. Physics.
5. Chemistry.

6. Arabs   introduced   Arab   data   in   arithmetic.
Great Merit Arabs in Physics and chemistry. Theyintroduced in European usage series importantTechnical new products: water and Mechanicalhours, cotton, and then and linen paper,gunpowder and much more.

7. Interest is the personality of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kharizmi ( ), author of several works on mathematics, which in the XII century. were translated into Latin and served four centuries in Europe textbooks.
In Europe, on the algebraic techniques learned only from al-Kharizmi.

8. Flowering   Arab   culture (science, art, technology, andmedicine) to   turn of the millennium I-II   impact   on   Content  philosophy. Attention   to   experienced   knowledge   and  natural sciences   disciplines   fundamentally   distinguishes  Arabic - speaking   philosophers   Medieval   from   their  colleagues   Europeans. However   in   primary   form   Arab -lingual   philosophical   thought, which   call   "Alam to"dominate   logical   reasoning   about   Religious   Dogmas  Qur'an. Kalam   one can   call   Mohammedan   scholasticism,so   as   he   also   served   religion, "In theory, t"   justifying  theology.

9. There was a Kalam in beginning of VIII century
There was a   Kalam   in   beginning of VIII century.One   of   authors   right   calls   his   metaphysical  teaching   about   essence   God, his   attributes.Attempt   support   orthodox   faith   by means of  adding   to   It   "Mr. Small-scale   dose "   rational  elements   was   made   in the X century   Al - Ashari( ).

10. Gradually   developed   own   original   philosophy,   some   as  related   with   theology. largest   Arab - lingual   philosophers  Medieval   are   Al - Kindi ( ), Al - Farabi ( ), Ibn -Sina (Avicenna) (c.  ), Omar   Khayyam ( ),Ibn - Bad - Ms (Avempatse) (end of XI a. -1138), Ibn - Roshdy(Averroes) ( ) and many others.

11. Successor   affairs   Al - Kindi   considered   Al - Farabi - “the first  philosopher. "He   very   high   honored   all   natural   Science   and  medicine. Championship   in   sciences   he   gave   mathematics   and  logic. This   it is clear that   thinker   great   value   attached   mind   man,his   development.
He   believed that   only   philosophy   can   give   man  understanding   essence   being. In   his   teaching   Al - Farabi  could   combine   philosophy   Aristotle   and   Plato   with  teaching   Neoplatonists. From   first   he   took   logic, the  second   borrowed   ontological   systems:   God  neoplatonovskaya   "E Diniz"   combined   with   ancient oriental   symbolism   world. And   although   Al - Farabi  denied   value   mystical   ecstasy, he   supported   idea   about  intelligence   as   special   a   manifestations.   

12. It   expiry   Being   of   First   Things, the expiration  etimnogochislenny   and   all   they   divided   on   steps   in  hierarchical   sequence. First   stage   Being   is   First   Exists.For   it       followed by:   in torye   utter, active   mind, soul,and matter.

13. "All   begins   with   most   perfect is continuing   it  through   what   less   perfect, and so   way, itshould be   from   imperfect   to   more   less  perfect, ending   being outside   whom  impossible   no   more   existence   and   out  which, therefore, no   more   of being. "

14. We realize   in   form, substance   takes   heat, cold,dryness   and   moisture,   result   what   formed   four  elements: fire, air, water   and   land. This   elements  are   principles   complex   substances. "In the beginning   elements   mixed   between   yourself   so  way   produce   numerous   opposite   body. then   these  last   partially   mixed   between   a partially   as  between   themselves, as well   and   with   elementssuch   image, the image   following   for   first   second  mixture.

15. Matter there through availability form
Matter   there   through   availability   form. Form  same   no   can   have   nor   Being   nor  Substance   without   matter. It   there   for   to  Bodywork   substance   was   relevant. Matter  can   take   different   form. Matter   acts   as  carrier   unity, the form   -   as   carrier  multiplicity.

16. The soul is the fourth stage
The soul is the fourth stage. She characterized the different abilities or powers: Mains power by which a person eats. The strength of feeling (sensory power) by which treats perceived. The power of imagination by which it brings, thinking power by which perceives intelligible objects intellektsii

17. Matter and Form
"The matter - it is the highest and most significant of all being." Perceiving shape matter becomes substance. The material is also being placed on the steps and back from the less perfect to the more perfect. The least advanced to more sovershennomu.Naimenee perfect is total primary matter. Followed: the elements, minerals, plants, animals, deprived of reason, rational animal, which no one is superior, intelligent animal that no one is superior.

18. Here are some of the great names of the Arabic-speaking thinkers:
1. Muhammedal-Battani ( ) - astronomer, to make new astronomical tables;
2. Ibn Yulas ( ), known advances in trigonometry, compiled a table of observations of lunar and solar eclipses;
3. Ibn al-Haytham ( ), who made important discoveries in the field of optics;
4. Al-Biruni ( ) - the author of numerous works on the history, geography, philology, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and created the foundations of the theory on the share;

19. 5. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) ( ) - philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, physician, whose "Canon of Medicine" has won international recognition and is of some educational interest today;
6. Omar Khayyam ( ) - not only a great poet but also a famous in its time mathematician, astronomer, engineer, philosopher;
7. Ibn Rushd ( ) - philosopher, scientist, who achieved great success in the field of alchemy.

20. Abu Ali Ibn Sina ( ). In the East, this scientist named Al - Sheikh - Spiritual Guide or ar - Rice - Head and he had another honorary title - Hujjat Al - Haq, ie The authority of truth. In the west, in the Middle Ages - Christian Europe, he was known as Avitsennu.On wrote more than 300 works on medicine, philosophy and other sciences.

21. Main philosophical works of Ibn Sina - encyclopedic work "Book of Healing" - consists of four sections: logic, physics, mathematics (geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy) and metaphysics. This work joins written in Farsi "Book of Knowledge" ("Danysz-name"). In an abbreviated presentation of the philosophical ideas of the "Book of Healing" contained in the "Book of salvation."

22. Philosophy In the classification of philosophical
science and understanding of the subject of metaphysics (things
as such), Ibn Sina followed Aristotle.
Following al-Farabi, Ibn Sina distinguishes
perhaps existent, due to the other, and
absolutely necessary existent,
by itself (in it the essence and existence
identical, while perhaps their existing -
different). Absolutely necessary things - for God
Ibn Sina, in contrast to Aristotle, not only
ultimate cause of all other own who, but the identity of
according to the theistic worldview
Islam.

23. An imprint on the development of the Arab-speaking philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, literature, left Omar Khayyam. In a sign of the highest respect for the ruler of Bukhara in conversations put him next to her. It was in the true sense lexicographer: a famous doctor, a famous mathematician, astronomer recognized, the inimitable poet.

24. Proceedings of Alisher Navoi devoted literature, philosophy, ethics, linguistics, aesthetics, music, stories, poetry and science. He wrote more than 30 works. Of these, the most famous "wall of Iskander", "Farhad and Shirin", "Layla Majnun", "Sabai Sayer" ("Seven Planets"), "Hayratul Abror" ("Confusion just"), "The judgment of the two languages," "Beloved hearts," "Life of Hasan Ardasher", "History of the Prophets and muretsov", "Munshoat" ("Source"), etc.

25. Navoi philosophical outlook is based on the idea of ​​pantheism and Sufism. In his world view, he iskhoit from the unity of God, man and nature. Thinker believes that people can be happy in this world, but for that he must constantly seek knowledge of the secrets of nature.

26. In its socio - political views Navoi attached great importance to the appointment of the state of governance issues, cases and actions against its ruler served.
According to Navoi, the head of state should be an enlightened ruler, which rightly belongs to his subjects, to care about their well-being, think about the prosperity of the country.

27. Navoi sang true friendship between the people, contrasting it with hatred, deceit, ignorance, hypocrisy and other moral vices. The main characters in the works of Navoi - many nations: Iskander (Alexander) - Greek Majnun - Arab, Shirin - Armenian, Shopur - Iranian, Farhad - Turk, etc. Navoi ideas of friendship and brotherhood of peoples were against violence, cruelty and strife.
Social - philosophical ideas Navoi permeated deep humanism and rationalism and directed the service of man, just and reasonable unit of society.

28. Sufis - the mystics of Islam
Sufis - the mystics of Islam. This is a mixed composition group of ascetics, hermits, dervishes and fanatical warriors for the faith, who in their religious zeal are willing to give up everything in the name of holy faith and righteous life by seeking to get closer to Allah, to dissolve it, to know its ultimate divine truth.
Sufis (from the word "suf" meaning rough woolen cloak, which they wore) - a kind of Muslim monks. The first Sufi religious communities appeared in Iraq (Kufa, Basra, Baghdad) and Syria in the early VIII., Then they quickly spread everywhere from Spain to India.

29. Devoting himself to Allah, seeking to get away from worldly affairs, abandoning the property and from earthly attachments, pacify their feelings and passions, the Sufis as opposed to a usual faithful and considered optional for themselves the norms of life, rituals and conventions that have been required for the latter. So, instead of praying five times a Sufi ritual usually performed rites (dhikr), the form of which ranged from the ecstatic trance to deep inner concentration, which is close to the Indo-Buddhist meditation.

30. The world, the whole world - is the embodiment of God
The man - part of the world (eventually merge with it on).

31. Being a Sufi - so always stay true to God, to be in contact with people sincere, affectionate, gentle, to live with them in the world, not to shift its Nome on the shoulders of others, to take on all of the people are willing.
Rule of Sufism
Poverty - it makes the man
Patience - its decoration
Forbearance - his horse
Faith - the authority

32. Sufi path
Sharia - the first stage - is the beginning of the path of knowledge, the body of Islamic religious law, he still can not relate to Sufism in the narrow
  sense of the word, but at the same time, this step is necessary for the Sufis, for
  not passed it, you can not come on the way forward (5 pillars of Islam).
"Five in Islam"
1 - professed faith
2 - prayers five times a day pronunciation,
3 - fasting Ramadan
4 - a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca,
5 - Payment of Sunset (offering sacrifices in the name of Allah).

33. Tariqa - the second stage - or the path of spiritual development, which contains a variety of moral and psychological methods by which the person seeking self-improvement, can be directed to the target by the shortest route. It is a kind of spirit guide in search of God.
     Tariqa means spiritual life traveler on the path of knowing God. Every traveler who has chosen the Sufi method of knowing the truth, has his own, personal, peculiar to himself the spiritual world. Because Sufi sheikhs say that the number of paths to God corresponds to the number of travelers

34. ma'rifah - Sufi considered below a certain knowledge, he was able to perfectly blend into an ecstatic trance to Allah and had the right to teach the young.
  Hakikat - meant the complete attainment of truth and union with the Divine, available only to a few.

35. 3 for in Sufism: 1) Mansour Fallozh, Farididdin Attori, Rumi.
   In their view, the supreme beauty, joy, happiness of man lies in his meeting with the love of his death. The man on the road to spiritual and psychological perfection has 4 stages

36. First - Sharia (sequential compliance and dogmas Sharia religious rituals).
The second - the path of spiritual development, curbing appetite.
Third - education, awareness and understanding that the foundation of all things, of all things - God, they are one with him.
Fourth - the truth, it reaches a Sufi, when it comes to the abode of God, sees his face, connects to it, thus it takes death as the validity and inevitability.

37. The main work of Ghazali - four volumes of "Ihy Ulum al-Din") "Revival of the Religious Sciences"), "Kimeym Saodat" ("The Philosopher's Stone of Happiness"), Chahar kitab "(" Four Books ").
In the history of Muslim theology Ghazali came as a renovator theoretically dogmas of Islam, systematizer his theological philosophy - Kalam. For these achievements clergy called him "the great Imam", "protector of religion of Islam."

38. 3) The third current associated with the teachings of the Sufi Naqshbandi. This flow was formed in the late 8th century. In Central Asia, it has been widely developed in the centuries. The course is closely associated with the teaching Yassavi.