1. Referencing

2. Objective By the end of the lecture: Understand what referencing is.
Why do we reference
How do we reference
Understand what academic writing is.

3. What is referencing Referencing is:
Acknowledging the influence of other people’s work on your own work
Mentioning the different sources that you have used in your own work.

4. Why do we reference? To avoid plagiarism
To allow the reader to trace the sources
To show the depth and quality of your reading
Distinguish your own ideas from that of others.

5. How do we reference?
There are different acceptable referencing styles:
Institutional recommendation is APA referencing style
APA stands for American Psychological Association
There are basically two ways of referencing:
In-text referencing
Reference list (end of text referencing)
bibliography

6. In-text referencing Direct quotation (short and long quotations)
Use quotation marks
In brackets (name, year of publication: page number)
Indirect quotation (summarizing/paraphrasing)
Do not need quotation marks
Citations from secondary sources
Example: (Paul, 1999, as cited in Molley & Kaplan, 2010).
Paul (1999) argues that “…….” (as cited in Molley & Kaplan, 2010, p ).
Citing a source with multiple scholars in-text: Kaplan et al. (1995) or (Kaplan et al., 1995).

7. … Authors with the same surname
G. N. John (2007) and C. B. John (2007),
(G. N. John, 2007; C. B. John, 2007).
Author with two or more publications written in the same year
John (2007a)
John (2007b)
Works with no identifiable dates
John (n.d.).

8. End of text-referencing
Follow alphabetical order
Book with one author
Book with two authors
Book with 3-5 authors
Magazine
Webpage
Lecture notes

9. Example…
Abraham, I. D., Abraham, R. H., & Shaw, C. D. (1990). A visual in- troduction to dynamical systems theory for psychology. Santa Cruz, CA: Ariel Press.
Allmendinger, J., & Hackman, J. R. (1996). Organizations in chang- ing environments: The case of East German symphony orches- tras. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 337–369.
Allport, F. H. (1920). The influence of the group upon association and thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 159–182.

10. Academic writing The style of writing Academic writing
Each discipline and profession has specific requirements for writing different documents
Academic writing
Makes work easier to read and understand
Ensures that your work is fully and correctly referenced.

11. Principles of academic writing
Clear purpose
Answer a specific question
Write to persuade, to analyze and inform
Audience engagement : write with a specific audience in mind
Clear point of view: not just a list of facts/summaries
Shows what you think about a specific topic
Single focus: writing must support your argument/thesis statement
Reflect your position or what you think about a particular topic
Logical organization
Introduction
Body (topic sentences)
Conclusion (no new information in your conclusion)

12. ... Strong support Clear and complete explanations
Strong support for topic sentence or thesis statement
Sufficient and relevant support
Clear and complete explanations
Makes it easy for the reader to understand
Reader must understand your ideas, logic and organization of your work.
Effective use of research
In-depth reading
Consult high quality academic and professional sources
Correct APA referencing style
Ensure correct referencing
Writing style
Avoid grammar, spelling, punctuation and vocabulary mistakes

13. Writing Process Choose a topic Think (brainstorm) Research
Allows you to identify what you already know, what you think you know, what you need to know
Ensures that you are answering the question
Research
Discover your thesis
What is your paper all about
argument
Plan (realistic and have an outline)
Write (one argument/point per paragraph)
Revise
Edit ( grammar, spellings, punctuation and vocabulary).
Proofread