1. !
Made by XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX presented December 2009 at Fairbanks Center
The name of presentation????

2. Variola Virus (Smallpox)

3. What is Smallpox? !
Smallpox is a very contagious disease that caused by either of two a virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor, that include severe rash and pimple like all over the body. Smallpox are localizes in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat. The pimple like rash will Soon be fill with fluid blisters.
Variola – this is Latin name, so it must be written everywhere in Italic

4. History
The origin of smallpox is uncertain, but it is believed to have originated in Africa and then spread to India and China thousands of years ago.
The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war.
It is estimated that Smallpox reached Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries and present in major European cities by the 18th century.
Epidemics occurred in the North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries
The disease killed an estimated of 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, and was responsible for a third of all blindness.

5. History
About 20–60%, and over 80% of infected children died from the disease.
During the 20th century, it is estimated that smallpox caused 300–500 million deaths.
In the early 1950s an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year.
In 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 15 million people contracted smallpox and that 2 million died in that year.
WHO certified the eradication of smallpox in December After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries
To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated.

6. Famous sufferers and survivors
Mozart and Beethoven contracted and survived the disease as children; both had visible pockmark scars on their faces. Both George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, Presidents of the United States, contracted and recovered from the disease.

7. Famous sufferers and survivors
While other people in China with smallpox die, only Emperor Kangxi survived and took over China in Emperor Kangxi was born in May, 4, 1654 – December, 20, In China, the Qing Dynasty Kangxi was promoted to the throne ahead of his older brother, because he had survived the disease, when his older brothers who had not yet had it.
Like Date Masamune also was connected by smallpox that attacked his eye and would have killed him, but he gouged out his own eye. Which he is now know as the “one eyed dragon”.

8. Transmission
Variola virus infects only humans. The virus can be easily transmitted from person to person via the air. Inhalation of only a few virus particles is sufficient to establish an infection. Transmission of the virus is also possible if items such as contaminated linen are handled

9. Transmission
Transmission of smallpox occurs through inhalation of airborne variola virus, usually droplets expressed from the oral, nasal, of an infected person.
It is transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person, usually within a distance of 6 feet, but can also be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing
Rarely, smallpox has been spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed settings such as buildings, buses, and trains. Smallpox is not notably infectious in the prodromal period and viral shedding is usually delayed until the appearance of the rash, which is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth and pharynx. The virus can be transmitted throughout the course of the illness, but is most frequent during the first week of the rash, when most of the skin lesions are intact. Infectivity wanes in 7 to 10 days when scabs form over the lesions, but the infected person is contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off.[

10. Transmission
Smallpox is highly contagious, but generally spreads more slowly and less widely than some other viral diseases, perhaps because transmission requires close contact and occurs after the onset of the rash. The overall rate of infection is also affected by the short duration of the infectious stage. In temperate areas, the number of smallpox infections were highest during the winter and spring. In tropical areas, seasonal variation was less evident and the disease was present throughout the year. Age distribution of smallpox infections depends on acquired immunity. Vaccination immunity declines over time and is probably lost in all but the most recently vaccinated populations. Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals and there is no asymptomatic carrier state.

11. Signs and Symptoms
Preliminary symptoms are a brief rash on the upper body, followed by general malaise, fever, muscle stiffness, vomiting, headache, backache with delirium occurring in about 15% of cases.
Two to three days after this, rashes develop on the mucous membranes (enanthema) and on the skin (exanthema) affecting the face, hands, and forearms. Secretions from the enanthema include infectious virus and play a key role in secondary transmission of the virus. However, the most infective period appears to be before the development of the rash.
The rash spreads across the body and the lesions enlarge and fuse to form (pus-filled) vesicles. The development of the lesions is remarkably synchronized throughout the course of the disease. The pustules eventually scab about two weeks after the onset of symptoms.
In typical cases of smallpox (variola major) mortality is about 3% in vaccinated populations and 30% in unvaccinated ones. The disease can take on several other forms including black or hemorrhagic smallpox that have higher mortality rates

12. Signs and Symptoms
A photograph of the trunk of a young smallpox victim taken in Bangladesh in The photograph shows several important features:
The size and shape of the pocks;
the pocks all show about the same stage of development, synchronous development is a key feature;
The relative lack of pocks on the trunk and lower abdomen.

13. Smallpox Diagnosis & Prognosis

14. Smallpox Diagnosis
Initial diagnosis of smallpox is likely based on a history and physical examination findings.
Some ways that doctors go about diagnosing smallpox are:
The doctor may take a throat swab to make the diagnosis of smallpox.
The doctor may take a sample from a freshly opened pustule.
The doctor may take sample fluid from a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) if he or she suspect cases of hemorrhagic smallpox.
Under certain conditions,
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
(also known as Guarnieri bodies)
may be visible within the cells.

15. There are three ways of diagnosing Smallpox from the sample collected:
Viral Cultures:
An electron microscope is used to identify the virus in infected fluid on material
scraped from skin lesions
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
Is a technique to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several
orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular
DNA sequence. The method relies on thermal cycling, consisting of cycles of
repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic
replication of the DNA.
Can be divided into 3 steps:
Exponential amplification: At every cycle, the amount of product is doubled (assuming 100% reaction efficiency). The reaction is very sensitive: only minute quantities of DNA need to be present.
Leveling off stage: The reaction slows as the DNA polymerase loses activity and as consumption of reagents such as dNTPs and primers causes them to become limiting.
Plateau: No more product accumulates due to exhaustion of reagents and enzyme
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):
This is a rapid immunochemical test that involves an enzyme (a protein
That catalyzes a biochemical reaction). It also involves an antibody or
Antigen (immunologic molecules). !
It is unclear, HOW smallpox is being diagnosed by PCR method. You gave the description of the very method, but not diagnosing.

16. The Smallpox Expectations (Prognosis )

17. Expectations (Prognosis )
Smallpox is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases.
Studies have shown that about 30% of people exposed to the virus can become infected.
Death from smallpox ranged as high as 35 % of those who were infected.
Smallpox has been eliminated as a human disease. But the virus has not
Survivors of the disease may experience severe complications:
Deeply scarred skin
Blindness
Arthritis
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Fetal infections during pregnancy resulting in additional severe complications or death of the fetus

18. Treatment & Vaccine
The realization that survivors of smallpox were immune for the rest of their lives led to the process of variolation.
Variolation- deliberate exposure of a mild form of smallpox to a healthy person to induce immunity, practiced to avoid more severe forms of the outbreak
First practiced by Buddhist nun from who would grind smallpox scabs into a powder then blow them into the nose of a nun-immune person
2% of people variolated with smallpox actually died

19. Treatment & Vaccine
Edward Jenner later discovered milkmaids with cowpox, a less deadly disease, never developed smallpox.
He inoculated eight-year old James Phipps with the weak cowpox. After Phipps recovered Jenner again tried to infect him with smallpox, but found the boy developed no symptoms.
Jenner coined the word “vaccine” and his work was soon adopted. By 1800, about 100,000 had been vaccinated worldwide.

20. Treatment & Vaccine
A more modern vaccine, Dryvax, was manufactured from a weak virus named New York City Board of Health strain and licensed by the FDA.
Last outbreak occurred in Texas in 1949.

21. Treatment and Vaccine
In 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a worldwide campaign to eradicate smallpox.
Last case in Somalia in 1977
On May 8, 1980 WHO declared the world free of smallpox due to massive vaccination efforts

22. Treatment & Vaccine
United States stopped vaccination the population in 1972, but continued to vaccinate military personnel until 1990.
Forms of the virus are being safeguarded at the Centers for Disease Control in Georgia and also Russia for anti-bio-weaponry research in case some form of smallpox emerges in the future.

23. ! Too small fonts. They are supposed to be at least 22pts.
There are no any references (textbook(s), websites, etc.); did you do all these investigations/discoveries yourselves?! Where from did you get all pictures??