1. Cyclical models of curriculum development
Presented to
MAM RUKSANA
Presented by
SAQIB ALI M EHSAN
FAISAL SHABBIR M. KASHIF
M. ARIF
MP/

2. Types of curriculum models
There are three types of curriculum models
Rational/objectives models
(Ralph Tyler & Hilda Taba)
Cyclical models
(Wheeler & Nichols)
Dynamic/interaction models
(Walker & Skilbeck)

3. Our topic is …………
Cyclical model
Wheeler
Nichols

4. Curriculum development
Curriculum development encompasses how a ‘curriculum is planned, implemented and evaluated, as well as processes and procedures are involved.

5. Curriculum model Definition: Purpose:
A simplified representation of reality which is often depicted in diagrammatic form
Purpose:
To provide a structure for examining the elements that go to make up curriculum planning, and how these elements interrelate

6. Curriculum models
Are designed to provide a basis for decisions regarding the selection, structuring and sequencing of the educational experiences

7. Curriculum models So we can say that….
Curriculum models help designers to systematically map out the rationale for the use of particular teaching, learning and assessment approaches.

8. Curriculum model
These are based on a body of theory about teaching and learning
These are targeted to needs & characteristics of a particular group of learners
Outline approaches, methods, & procedures for implementation

9. Curriculum model Models are used to explain: levels of curriculum
aspects of organization practice
aspects of classroom instruction
types of decision making

10. Cyclical models
Cyclical models lie along with the continuum between the extremes of rational and dynamic models, incorporating elements of both to provide a different approach to devising curricula.
Basically, these models are extension of rational models in that they are essentially logical and sequential in approach.

11. In the Cyclical Models, curriculum is a continuous cycle responding to the changes within education where any new information or practice will bring changes

12. Cyclical models
Cyclical models view elements of curriculum as inter-related and interdependent.
In the 1970s, a new element was introduced into the curriculum process of cyclical models called Situational Analysis.

13. Cyclical models
Cyclical models undertake situational analysis whereby the context or situation in which curriculum decisions are to be taken is thoroughly studied.
This helps curriculum developers take correct decisions thus encouraging active participation of staffs in school based curriculum.

14. D.K WHEELER
A former member of the University of Western Australia, Wheeler developed and extended the ideas forwarded by Tyler and particularly Taba.
He suggested five inter-related phases in the curriculum process which logically would produce an effective curriculum.

15. D.K Wheeler’s Model Aims, goals and objectives
selection of learning experiences
selection of content
organization and integration of learning experiences and content
evaluation
Aims, goals and objectives

16. Audrey and Howard Nicholls, his book Developing a Curriculum: A Practical Guide (1978) , devised a straight forward cyclical approach that covered the elements of curriculum briefly but succinctly.

17. They argued that “changes should be planned and introduced on a rational and valid basis according to a logical process. (Nicholls & Nicholls, 1978:17).

18. Nicholls & Nicholls’s Model
Situation Analysis
Selection of Objectives
Selection and Organization of Content
Selection and Organization of Methods
Evaluation

19. Strengths of cyclical models
logical sequential structure
situational analysis as a starting point
model is flexible
less rigid, more relevant

20. Weaknesses of cyclical models
logical and sequential nature
A fundamental problem in utilizing such models is the amount of time required to undertake an effective situational analysis.

21. Weaknesses of cyclical models
It is difficult to locate;
It is not different from objective model since it adopts logical sequence;
It takes time to undertake an effective situational analysis

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