1. Horticulture I Pests & Diseases

2. Insects - Anatomy Insects
Small animals that have three body regions and three pairs or six legs.
The three body regions are….
Head
Thorax
Abdomen

3. Parts of the Insect

4. Life Cycle of Insects Complete metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult Worm
Caterpillar
Pupa
Adult
Flies
Beetles

6. http://www. bing. com/videos/search

7. Life Cycle of Insects
Incomplete metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult

9. Insects - Mouthparts Chewing Tear, chew or grind food.
Parts of leaves eaten away.
Example:
Grasshoppers
Beetles.

10. Insects - Mouthparts Piercing-sucking Rasping-sucking
Punctures plant & sucks sap.
Rasping-sucking
Rasps or breaks surface and suck sap.
Example: Thrips

11. Insects - Mouthparts Siphoning Sponging
Have a coiled tube they dip into liquid food such as nectar and draw it in.
Sponging
Have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal.
Example: Housefly

12. Insect Damage
Damage depends on type of mouthparts.

13. Chewing Insects
Beetle
Eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts.

15. Chewing Insects Cutworms
Usually attack stems, but may eat other plant parts.

16. Chewing Insects Caterpillars
Larva of moths and butterflies and are fuzzy or hairy.
Eat young leaves and stems.
Roll up in leaves making the leaves curl.

17. Chewing Insects
Grasshoppers
Eat all parts of plants.

18. Sucking Insects Aphids Pierce & suck juices. Known as plant lice.
Cause stunted growth and yellow spotted leaves.
Causes sticky substance and black mold which attracts ants.

20. Sucking Insects Leaf Bugs Causes plants to look unhealthy.
Lose their normal color and wilt.

21. Sucking Insects Mealybugs
Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in leaf axils.
Causes yellow appearance and sticky secretions.

22. Sucking Insects
Scale
Appear as black or brown raised bumps attached to stems and underside of leaves
Causes yellow leaves and stunted growth.

23. Sucking Insects Thrips
Rasping-Sucking insects rasps or breaks the leaf surface and sucks the sap out of plants.
Chew & then suck plant tissue causing it to become speckled or whitened, leaf tips to wither, curl up or die.

25. Sucking Insects Whiteflies
Feed on underside of young leaves causing yellowing.
They will look like flying little white specks when plants are shaken.

27. Mite Damage Mites Aren’t insects because they have 8 legs.
Attack underside of leaves causing gray to grayish-green spots.
Severe infestations cause webbing.

29. Siphoning
Siphoning insects dip a coiled tube into a liquid food such as nectar and draw (or siphon) it in.
Siphoning insects include butterflies
Siphoning insects do little or no damage to the plant

31. Sponging
Sponging insects have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal
An example of a sponging insect is a housefly
Sponging insects can carry germs or diseases that can damage the plant

33. Controlling Insects

34. Controlling Insects Insects must be killed when they are….
Actively feeding or moving on the plant.

35. Biological Control Using natural enemies such as…. Birds
Other insects.
Etc.

36. Chemical Control
Using pesticides or insecticides (chemicals).

37. Chemical Control Contact Poisons
Affect the insect’s nervous system and must come into contact with insect to be effective.

38. Chemical Control Stomach Poisons
Are sprayed on plant surfaces or are taken into the plant through absorption.
Insect must eat or suck the poison to get it into the stomach for this method to be effective.

39. Chemical Control Systemic Poisons
Absorbed by the plant and then ingested by the pest when it feeds.
More effective than stomach poisons for controlling sucking insects.

40. Chemical Control Fumigants
Poisonous gases released into an enclosed place so that insects breathe the gases.

41. Cultural Control
Involves sanitation, removing insect breeding and hiding areas and using insect resistant plant varieties.

42. Mechanical Control Using physical controls such as…. Insect traps.
Using screens over fans & other openings.
Washing plants w/ soapy water.

43. Natural Methods Using natural barriers to control insects such as….
Rivers
Woods
Mountains
Predators

44. Quarantine
Physically isolating insects from healthy plants.

45. Combining Methods Using a combination of control methods is called….
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or….
Integrated Control

46. Plant Diseases

47. What is a Disease???
A plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen or agent.

48. Conditions Needed for a Disease
Three conditions are necessary for a disease in a plant.
Host plant
Disease causing organism or pathogen must be present.
Favorable environment for disease organism to develop.

49. What Causes a Disease?? The groups of pathogens are…. Bacteria Fungi
Viruses
Parasitic plants
Mistletoe
Dodder
Lichens
FUNGI

50. Parasitic Plants
MISTLETOE
DODDER
LICHENS

51. Controlling Diseases
Warm temperatures and moist conditions in greenhouse plant production make most horticulture plant diseases worse because….
Environmental conditions that support disease-causing pathogens.
Preventing plant diseases is better than treating the diseases.
Plant diseases must be identified before they can be treated.

52. Plant Diseases – Blight
Cause plants to quickly turn brown as if they had been burned.

53. Plant Diseases – Canker
Causes open wounds on woody plant stems.

54. Plant Diseases – Damping Off
A fungal disease that causes young plants and seedlings to rot off at the soil level.

55. Plant Diseases – Galls
Round swellings or growths on plants.

56. Plant Diseases – Leaf Spots
Rings of different shades of brown, green, or yellow that make spots on leaves.

57. Plant Diseases – Mildew
Grows on leaf surfaces (both upper & lower) as white, gray or purple spots.

58. Plant Diseases – Mosaic
Caused by viruses that make the leaves have irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging from dark green to light green to yellow to white.

59. Plant Diseases – Rot
Causes plants to decay & die.

60. Plant Diseases – Rust
Causes small spots on leaves that resemble yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underneath side of leaves.

61. Plant Diseases – Smut
A black powdery disease that causes blisters that burst open releasing black spores.

62. Plant Diseases – Wilts
Disease that blocks the uptake of water in plants stems causing it to wilt.

63. Objective 9.02 Required label information
Restricted Use Pesticide Statement
Product Name, Brand or Trademark - common name - Example Ortho
Ingredient Statement – name and percentage by weight of each active
ingredient and percentage by weight of other inert ingredients
Keep Out Of Reach Of
Children”
Signal Word

64. Signal Word
DANGER (not all danger pesticides have skull and crossbones)
a. It is highly toxic in at least one category - orally, dermally, through
inhalation and/or causes severe eye or skin burn.
b. Toxicity category I - from a few drops to less than a teaspoon may be
lethal if swallowed (oral toxicity)

65. Signal Words WARNING inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation.
a. Is moderately toxic in at least one category -orally, dermally, through
inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation.
b. Toxicity category II – from one teaspoon to a tablespoon may lethal if
swallowed (oral toxicity)

66. Signal Word
CAUTION
a. Is slightly toxic to relatively non-toxic orally, dermally or through
inhalation or causes slight eye and skin irritation.
b. Toxicity category III – from one ounce to over a pint may be
swallowed before being lethal (oral toxicity)

67. Signal Words
Skull and Crossbones Symbol and the word Poison (written in red)

68. Other Items listed on label
First Aid Statement
Net contents/Net weight
EPA Registration Number and EPA Establishment Number
Company name and address
Precautionary Statements
Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals
First Aid
Environmental Hazard
Physical or Chemical Hazard

69. May include Worker protection procedures.
Directions for use
May include Worker protection procedures.
1. PPE-personal protective equipment.
2. Examples of PPE are masks, coveralls, respirators, gloves, safety
glasses or goggles and rubber boots.
b. Reentry time may be in this section as well - how much time must
past before reentering a treated area.
xiii. Storage and Disposal instructions
xiv. Warranty statement

70. Pesticides Type of pesticide.
a. Insecticide—kills insects.
b. Herbicide—kills unwanted plants.
1) Selective herbicides kill specific weeds or plants.
2) Non selective herbicides kill all plants with which they come in contact.
c. Fungicide controls fungi

71. Pesticides Form of substance a. Dust b. Wettable powder c. Fumigant
d. Liquid
e. Granular

72. The most important safety rule is “read and follow label directions”
The most important safety rule is “read and follow label directions”. All the rules are included in this one rule.